Hall JE, Guyton AC: Textbook of medical physiology. 2006, St Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders, 228.
Google Scholar
Lobo DN: Fluid, electrolytes and nutrition: physiological and clinical aspects. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004, 63 (3): 453-466. 10.1079/PNS2004376.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
DeFronzo RA, Goldberg M, Agus ZS: The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport. J Clin Invest. 1976, 58 (1): 83-90. 10.1172/JCI108463.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Katz MA: Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia–calculation of expected serum sodium depression. N Engl J Med. 1973, 289 (16): 843-844. 10.1056/NEJM197310182891607.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Rubeaan K, Siddiqui K, Abu Risheh K, Hamsirani R, Alzekri A, Alaseem A, Saleh SM, Al-Yami Z, Al-Ghamdi A, Alayed K: Correlation between serum electrolytes and fasting glucose and Hb1Ac in Saudi diabetic patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011, 144 (1–3): 463-468.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levy J, Stern Z, Gutman A, Naparstek Y, Gavin JR, Avioli LV: Plasma calcium and phosphate levels in an adult noninsulin-dependent diabetic population. Calcif Tissue Int. 1986, 39 (5): 316-318. 10.1007/BF02555197.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simmons D, Joshi S, Shaw J: Hypomagnesaemia is associated with diabetes: Not pre-diabetes, obesity or the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes res clin practice. 2010, 87 (2): 261-266. 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.11.003.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT: Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 2 (2): 366-373. 10.2215/CJN.02960906.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Padwal R, Laupacis A: Antihypertensive therapy and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2004, 27 (1): 247-255. 10.2337/diacare.27.1.247.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haglin L, Tornkvist B, Backman L: Prediction of all-cause mortality in a patient population with hypertension and type 2 DM by using traditional risk factors and serum-phosphate,-calcium and-magnesium. Acta Diabetol. 2007, 44 (3): 138-143. 10.1007/s00592-007-0254-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Song Y, He K, Levitan E, Manson J, Liu S: Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta‒analysis of randomized double‒blind controlled trials. Diabetic med. 2006, 23 (10): 1050-1056. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01852.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ohira T, Peacock JM, Iso H, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD, Folsom AR: Serum and dietary magnesium and risk of ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009, 169 (12): 1437-1444. 10.1093/aje/kwp071.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, Shan Z, Liu J, Tian H, Ji Q, et al: Prevalence of Diabetes among Men and Women in China. New England J Med. 2010, 362 (12): 1090-1101. 10.1056/NEJMoa0908292.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Villegas R, Gao YT, Dai Q, Yang G, Cai H, Li H, Zheng W, Shu XO: Dietary calcium and magnesium intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Shanghai women’s health study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89 (4): 1059-1067. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27182.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, Tang JL, Wu YM, Zuo YH, Jiang SY, et al: Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: the Shanghai diabetes studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007, 50 (2): 286-292. 10.1007/s00125-006-0503-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bao Y, Ma X, Li H, Zhou M, Hu C, Wu H, Tang J, Hou X, Xiang K, Jia W: Glycated haemoglobin A1c for diagnosing diabetes in Chinese population: cross sectional epidemiological survey. BMJ. 2010, 340: c2249-10.1136/bmj.c2249.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002, 39 (2 Suppl 1): S1-S266.
Google Scholar
For a complete listing of the members of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee: The sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997, 157 (21): 2413-2446.
Article
Google Scholar
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WR, Olin JW, Puschett JB, et al: ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006, 113 (11): e463-e654.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998, 15 (7): 539-553. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chalmers J: The 1999 WHO-ISH guidelines for the management of hypertension. Med J Aust. 1999, 171 (9): 458-459.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Expert Panel on Metabolic Syndrome of Chinese Diabetes Society: Recommendations on metabolic syndrome of chinese diabetes society (Chinese). Chin J Diab. 2004, 12: 156-161.
Google Scholar
Yang ZJ, Liu J, Ge JP, Chen L, Zhao ZG, Yang WY: Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factor in the Chinese population: the 2007–2008 China national diabetes and metabolic disorders study. Eur Heart J. 2012, 33 (2): 213-220. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr205.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson RC, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J: Vascular calcification: pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Circ Res. 2006, 99 (10): 1044-1059. 10.1161/01.RES.0000249379.55535.21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Kreisberg RA: Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes: a consensus statement from the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29 (12): 2739-2748. 10.2337/dc06-9916.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McNair P, Madsbad S, Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Transbol I: Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in relation to hyperglycemia in insulin-treated diabetic out-patients. Clin Chim Acta. 1982, 120 (2): 243-250. 10.1016/0009-8981(82)90161-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haglin L, Backman L, Tornkvist B: A structural equation model for assessment of links between changes in serum triglycerides, -urate, and -glucose and changes in serum calcium, -magnesium and -phosphate in type 2 diabetes and non-diabetes metabolism. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011, 10: 116-10.1186/1475-2840-10-116.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roscoe J, Halperin M, Rolleston F, Goldstein M: Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia: metabolic considerations in calculation of serum sodium depression. Can Med Assoc J. 1975, 112 (4): 452.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hillier TA, Abbott RD, Barrett EJ: Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. Am j med. 1999, 106 (4): 399-403. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00055-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yajnik C, Smith R, Hockaday T, Ward N: Fasting plasma magnesium concentrations and glucose disposal in diabetes. British med j (Clin res ed). 1984, 288 (6423): 1032-1034. 10.1136/bmj.288.6423.1032.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Guyton A, Hall J: Textbook of medical physiology. 2006, Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 348-381.
Google Scholar
Vallon V, Richter K, Blantz RC, Thomson S, Osswald H: Glomerular hyperfiltration in experimental diabetes mellitus: potential role of tubular reabsorption. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999, 10 (12): 2569-2576.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yamaguchi T, Kanazawa I, Takaoka S, Sugimoto T: Serum calcium is positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance, independent of parathyroid hormone, in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011, 60 (9): 1334-1339. 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.02.003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sun G, Vasdev S, Martin GR, Gadag V, Zhang H: Altered calcium homeostasis is correlated with abnormalities of fasting serum glucose, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function in the Newfoundland population. Diabetes. 2005, 54 (11): 3336-3339. 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3336.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Agus ZS: Hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999, 10 (7): 1616-1622.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frost M, Abrahamsen B, Nielsen TL, Hagen C, Andersen M, Brixen K: Vitamin D status and PTH in young men: a cross-sectional study on associations with bone mineral density, body composition and glucose metabolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010, 73 (5): 573-580. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03847.x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Resnick LM: Magnesium metabolism in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Ther. 2007, 14 (4): 375-385. 10.1097/01.mjt.0000209676.91582.46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bjornholm M, Zierath JR: Insulin signal transduction in human skeletal muscle: identifying the defects in Type II diabetes. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005, 33 (Pt 2): 354-357.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shahid SM, Rafique R, Mahboob T: Electrolytes and sodium transport mechanism in diabetes mellitus. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2005, 18 (2): 6-10.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mikaelian NP, Gurina AE, Terent’ev AA: Dysfunction of membrane-receptor system of blood cells and kidney tissue in experimental diabetes mellitus. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2013, 154 (5): 610-613. 10.1007/s10517-013-2011-x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dhalla NS, Rangi S, Zieroth S, Xu YJ: Alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2012, 17 (3): 115-120.
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ma J, Folsom AR, Melnick SL, Eckfeldt JH, Sharrett AR, Nabulsi AA, Hutchinson RG, Metcalf PA: Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995, 48 (7): 927-940. 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00200-A.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A: Dietary magnesium intake and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012, 95 (2): 362-366. 10.3945/ajcn.111.022376.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F: Low serum magnesium levels and foot ulcers in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Res. 2001, 32 (4): 300-303. 10.1016/S0188-4409(01)00298-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paolisso G, Scheen A, D’Onofrio F, Lefebvre P: Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia. 1990, 33 (9): 511-514. 10.1007/BF00404136.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hashimoto T, Hara A, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Shintani Y, Metoki H, Inoue R, Asayama K, Kanno A, Nakashita M, et al: Serum magnesium, ambulatory blood pressure, and carotid artery alteration: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens. 2010, 23 (12): 1292-1298. 10.1038/ajh.2010.168.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maier JA, Malpuech-Brugere C, Zimowska W, Rayssiguier Y, Mazur A: Low magnesium promotes endothelial cell dysfunction: implications for atherosclerosis, inflammation and thrombosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004, 1689 (1): 13-21. 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.01.002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Adhikari S, Toretsky JA, Yuan L, Roy R: Magnesium, essential for base excision repair enzymes, inhibits substrate binding of N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase. J Biol Chem. 2006, 281 (40): 29525-29532. 10.1074/jbc.M602673200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ: Magnesium intake in the pathophysiology and treatment of the cardiometabolic syndrome: where are we in 2006?. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2006, 1 (5): 356-357. 10.1111/j.1559-4564.2006.06104.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martini LA, Catania AS, Ferreira SR: Role of vitamins and minerals in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Rev. 2010, 68 (6): 341-354. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00296.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N, Sarfaraz RA, Shah A, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ, et al: Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels in biological samples of hypertensive and nonhypertensive diabetes mellitus patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008, 124 (3): 206-224. 10.1007/s12011-008-8142-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Resnick LM, Altura BT, Gupta RK, Laragh JH, Alderman MH, Altura BM: Intracellular and extracellular magnesium depletion in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1993, 36 (8): 767-770. 10.1007/BF00401149.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Okura Y, Urban LH, Mahoney DW, Jacobsen SJ, Rodeheffer RJ: Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004, 57 (10): 1096-1103. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.04.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar