Skip to content

Advertisement

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Original investigation
Open Access

Serum osteocalcin level and its association with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes

  • Li Sheng†1,
  • Wenjie Cao†2,
  • Bingbing Cha1,
  • Zhaoping Chen1,
  • Fang Wang1 and
  • Jun Liu1Email author
†Contributed equally
Cardiovascular Diabetology201312:22

https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-12-22

©  Sheng et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013

Received: 18 December 2012

Accepted: 19 January 2013

Published: 23 January 2013

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the association of serum osteocalcin with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional community-based study in metropolitan area. Serum total osteocalcin was measured by radioimmunoassay in 382 men and 435 postmenopausal women. The carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaques (PLQ) were measured by B-mode ultrasound.

Results

The crude mean of serum osteocalcin concentrations were 4.52±2.43 ng/ml for men and 5.75±2.92 ng/ml for postmenopausal women (P <0.001), respectively. Osteocalcin levels were associated inversely with age, fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR, ALT, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, CRP (all P<0.001) and positively with adiponectin and HOMA-B (all P<0.05). After multiple adjustment, the odds ratios (ORs) were substantially higher risk for carotid plaques (OR 1.77 for 1 SD decrease in osteocalcin, 95% CI 1.23-2.76, p=0.005). These associations remained significant after further adjustment for potential confounder.

Conclusions

Serum osteocalcin levels is an independent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Keywords

OsteocalcinIntima-media thicknessCarotid atherosclerotic plaquesAtherosclerosis

The increased cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus is reflected by atherosclerosis, which is an established predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke in older subjects [1–4]. This diabetes-associated increase in atherosclerosis is associated with conventional cardiovascular risk factors, such as central obesity, high blood pressure, and dyslipidaemia, as well as with insulin resistance [5, 6].

Osteocalcin is a 49-amino acid bone matrix noncollagen protein expressed mainly by osteoblasts [7]. It is a specific biochemical marker of bone turnover and bone formation involved in bone mineralization and calcium homeostasis [8]. Studies have verified that adipose tissue could regulate bone remodeling through the adipokine leptin by acting on osteoblasts [9, 10]. In turn, bone modulates energy metabolism in a feedback loop. The novel function for the skeleton unraveled its importance as an endocrine organ. A bone-derived protein, osteocalcin, has raised much attention as a hormone regulating glucose metabolism and fat mass. Recently, osteocalcin has been recognized as a bone-derived hormone to regulate energy metabolism. Osteocalcin knockout mice exhibited glucose intolerance, increased fat mass, insulin resistance, decreased expression of insulin target genes in liver and muscle, and decreased adiponectin gene expression in adipose [11], while administration of recombinant osteocalcin increased insulin secretion, decreased blood glycaemia and weaken the development of obesity [12].

Previous work has demonstrated that osteocalcin levels are inversely associated with glucose and total adiponectin levels, fat mass, and atherosclerosis parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes [13]. Furthermore, Chen et al. observed that serum osteocalcin levels of participants with self-reported CVD were significantly lower than those without in middle-aged and elderly Chinese [14]. Recently, a cohort study has demonstrated that serum osteocalcin is a strong determinant of severity of coronary atherosclerosis in Chinese men [15].

In keeping with these observations, it is plausible to consider serum osteocalcin as a promising candidate for risk assessment and a potential intervention target for diabetic macrovascular diseases. To better evaluate the possible role of serum osteocalcin in the development of diabetic macrovascular diseases, we examined the association of serum osteocalcin levels and development of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Study sample

A cross-sectional study to evaluate the prevalence of diabetic complications in Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes aged over 50 was planned in the Shanghai downtown residential areas administered by 10 residents’ committees were cluster sampled in Shanghai central area. Questionnaires to identify diabetes history were sent to every household in the 10 residential areas and collected by primary care clinicians and endocrinologists. The 902 Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were identified by questionnaire. The criteria of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes recommended by ADA in 1997 were adopted. Finally, 817 (90.6%) (382 men and 435 postmenopausal women)Chinese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in our study. Written consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Broad of Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine.

Data collection

A standardized questionnaire was used by trained physicians to collect information such as age, sex, smoking (yes/no), alcohol drinking (yes/no) and self-reported history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary heart disease and stroke.

All subjects were assessed after overnight fasting for at least 10 h. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure were performed by trained physicians. Body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres.

Biochemical measurements

Peripheral venous blood samples were collected. Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), serum creatinine, blood urea and serum uric acid were measured on an automatic analyzer (Hitachi 7080; Tokyo, Japan). Glycated haemoglobin was tested by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HLC-723G7, Tosoh, Shanghai, China).

Carotid ultrasonography

Trained technicians performed B mode ultrasonography using an Acuson Sequoia 512. Images were stored and read centrally at Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital Image Center. The ultrasound scanning protocol in our study was modified in terms of procedures used in previous studies [16, 17]. Computer-assisted edge-detection software was not used for measurement of carotid IMT. A lateral view of bilateral images of common carotid arteries (1 cm proximal to the dilatation of the carotid bulb), carotid bulb (identified by the loss of the parallel wall present in the common carotid artery) and internal carotid artery (1 cm distal to the tip of the flow divider that separates the external and internal carotid arteries) was obtained. Sonographers recorded the images and completed ultrasound readings. Intima-media thickness is the distance between the lumen-intima interface and the media-adventitia interface [18]. Common carotid artery IMT was defined as the mean of the maximum IMT in both right and left sides of common carotid artery. Reproducibility was high, with small coefficients of variation (CV) value of measurement of IMT (3.5%).

The plaque of carotid artery (common carotid artery, carotid bulb, and internal carotid artery) is defined as a localized protrusion of the internal part of the vessel wall into the lumen of 50% of the surrounding IMT value. Plaque presence was defined as ≥1 plaque in any of the carotid arteries [19].

Measurements of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and total osteocalcin

The serum CRP were determined in duplicate by ELISA with Duoset kit (DY1707; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) as recommended by the manufacturer. The ELISA system had an intraassay coefficient of variation of 3.5-9.9% and an interassay coefficient of variation of 4.1-10.3%, respectively. Serum total osteocalcin was measured by radioimmunoassay (Atom-hitech Beijing, China) with intra and interassay coefficients of variation of 2.4–8.7and 2.5–9.5% respectively.

Statistical analysis

Normally distributed data were expressed as means ± SD, whereas variables with a skewed distribution were reported as median (interquartile range) and log transformed to approximate normality before analysis. Categorical variables were represented by frequency and percentage. Correlation coefficients between osteocalcin and metabolic features were calculated by partial correlation analysis. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the determinants of IMT. Potential confounding variables including age, gender, smoking, duration of diabetes, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, CRP, fasting plasma glucose, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c were controlled in the regression models. The interaction of confounding variables was assessed. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of carotid atherosclerotic plaques (PLQ) with osteocalcin. Potential confounding variables including age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, self-reported CVD, family history of diabetes, eGFR, HbA1c, CRP, waist circumference, omeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) were controlled in the regression models. We defined subjects with no carotid atherosclerotic plaques as 0 (n =352), and carotid atherosclerotic plaques as 1 (n =465). All statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS Statistical Package (version 13.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

General characteristics of participants

In all, 817 participants were analyzed, among which 382 were male, 435 were female (Table 1). The average age was 61.46±11.58 years. The average duration of type 2 diabetes was 7.53±7.29 years. Serum triglycerides and CRP were skew-distributed and had been log transformed to approximate normality before analysis. Compare to female subjects, the male subjects exhibited higher levels of waist circumference (P < 0.05), waist-to-hip ratio (P < 0.05), serum creatinine (P < 0.05), serum urea (P < 0.05), serum uric acid (P < 0.05) and CRP (P < 0.05), but lower levels of BMI (P < 0.05), adiponectin (P < 0.05), serum cholesterol (P < 0.05), LDL-c (P < 0.05) and HDL-c (P < 0.05).
Table 1

General characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients [Data were reported in mean ±SD or median (interquartile range)]

 

Male

Female

n

382

435

proportion of PLQ (%)

61.5%

52.9%

Age (years)

61.28±11.74

61.60±11.82

duration of diabetes (years)

7.51±7.29

7.57±7.61

BMI (kg/m2)

24.87±2.78

25.62±3.67*

Waist circumference (cm)

86.75±8.39

82.87±8.91*

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.90±0.08

0.87±0.08*

DBP (mmHg)

82.27±11.42

81.45±11.39

SBP (mmHg)

138.47±19.62

139.75±21.39

FPG (mmol/L)

8.52±3.31

8.48±3.27

Fasting serum insulin (μU/ml)

6.78 (4.62-10.53)

6.85 (4.59-10.13)

HbA1c (%)

7.19±1.66

7.14±1.49

Serum uric acid (μmol/L)

315.47±83.29

281.28±69.74*

Serum urea (mmol/L)

6.46±1.91

5.91±1.62*

Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

80.23±24.54

60.68±16.76*

Serum cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.11±1.13

5.65±1.12*

#Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.53 (1.07-2.22)

1.64 (1.15-2.41)

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.92±0.84

3.122±0.95*

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.24±0.40

1.38±0.38*

#CRP (mg/l)

2.40 (0.89-5.21)

1.75 (0.82-5.51)*

Abbreviations: DBP diastolic blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

* P < 0.05.

#Serum fasting insulin, triglycerides and CRP were skew-distributed and had been log transformed to approximate normality before analysis.

Correlation analysis of the relationship between osteocalcin and clinical variables

In spearman analysis, serum osteocalcin correlated with age (r =−0.113, <0.001), CRP (r =−0.073, P=0.031), fasting plasma glucose (r =−0.085, P<0.001), fasting plasma insulin (r =−0.155, P<0.001), HOMA-IR (r =−0.145, P<0.001), total cholesterol (r =−0.133, P<0.001), triglycerides (r =−0.102, P<0.001), and LDL-c (r =−0.087, P=0.014). However, serum osteocalcin was not associated with BMI, duration of diabetes, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c and HDL-c (all P> 0.05) Table 2.
Table 2

Correlation between serum osteocalcin and other parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes a

Variable

Correlation coefficient

P value

Age

−0.113

<0.001

BMI

−0.062

0.117

Duration of diabetes

0.037

0.425

Waist circumference

0.032

0.479

Waist to hip ratio

−0.057

0.082

SBP

0.042

0.312

DBP

−0.035

0.457

CRP

−0.073

0.031

FPG

−0.085

0.025

Fasting plasma insulin

−0.155

<0.001

HbA1c

−0.023

0.573

HOMA-IR

−0.145

<0.001

TC

−0.133

<0.001

TG

−0.102

<0.001

LDL-c

−0.087

0.014

HDL-c

0.051

0.074

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-c, LDL cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol.

aAll correlation coefficients were calculated after adjustment for age, gender.

Association between serum osteocalcin and IMT

Partial correlation analysis demonstrated that serum osteocalcin correlated with carotid IMT in diabetic patients after adjusting for age and gender (r =−0.110, P=0.005). After adjusting for age, gender HbA1c and HOMA-IR, osteocalcin still correlated with carotid IMT (r =−0.083, P=0.038). This correlation remained (r =−0.080, P=0.043) even after adjustment for age, gender HbA1c, HOMA-IR and serum CRP.

In the multivariate linear regression model, carotid IMT was set as dependent variable, while age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, duration of diabetes, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum osteocalcin, HOMA-IR, CRP, fasting plasma glucose, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-c and LDL-c were set as independent variables. We tested the interactions of gender and CRP, gender and TC, gender and TG, gender and LDL-c as well as gender and HDL-c, but we failed to find any of significance. The multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that age, gender, systolic blood pressure, serum osteocalcin, LDL-c and HDL-c were independently associated with carotid IMT (Table 3).
Table 3

Multivariate linear regression analysis: independent predictors of carotid artery IMT among 817 type 2 diabetic patients

Dependent variable

Independent variables

Standardized coefficients

P

Partial r

Carotid IMT

Age

0.312

2.5×10-7

0.312

Sex

−0.152

2.14×10-2

−0.145

SBP

0.159

9.84×10-3

0.168

Osteocalcin

−0.181

4.95×10-3

−0.187

LDL-c

0.142

2.51×10-2

0.148

 

HDL-c

−0.194

3.95×10-3

−0.189

The abbreviations are the same as in Table 1.

Association between serum osteocalcin and carotid atherosclerotic plaques

As presented in Table 4, reduced osteocalcin was associated with increased risk of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Decreased serum osteocalcin indicated high risk for carotid atherosclerotic plaques (OR 1.77 for 1 SD decrease in osteocalcin, 95% CI 1.23-2.76, p=0.005), after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, duration of diabetes, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum osteocalcin, HOMA-IR, CRP, fasting plasma glucose, serum creatinine, serum urea, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-c and LDL-c.
Table 4

The risk of carotid atherosclerotic plaques associated with 1 SD decrease in osteocalcin

 

Model

PLQ

p valuea

Total

Model 1

1.93 (1.32-3.01)

<0.001

Model 2

1.86 (1.31-2.95)

<0.001

Model 3

1.82 (1.28-2.94)

<0.001

Model 4

1.81(1.24-2.82)

<0.001

Model 5

1.76 (1.22-2.77)

0.005

men

Model 1

2.13 (1.41-3.69)

<0.001

Model 2

2.02 (1.50-3.57)

<0.001

Model 3

1.91 (1.32-2.88)

<0.001

Model 4

1.83(1.27-2.85)

<0.001

Model 5

1.81 (1.25-2.83)

<0.001

women

Model 1

1.88 (1.29-3.12)

<0.001

Model 2

1.84 (1.27-2.99)

<0.001

Model 3

1.80 (1.24-2.98)

<0.001

Model 4

1.79(1.22-2.92)

<0.001

 

Model 5

1.75 (1.19-2.85)

0.008

Values are ORs (95% CI).

Model 1: Unadjusted. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, smoking (yes/no), alcohol drinking (yes/no), family history of diabetes (yes/no). Model 3: Further adjusted for waist circumference, HOMA-IR, BMI and waist/hip ratio. Model 4: Further adjusted for serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol. Model 5: Further adjusted for inflammatory factors (CRP) and treatments (including antihypertensive therapy, antihyperlipidemic therapy and antihyperglycemic therapy). aFor the risk of PLQ, we defined subjects with no carotid atherosclerotic plaques as 0, and carotid atherosclerotic plaques as 1 from the analysis.

Discussion

In this study, we found that serum osteocalcin levels showed association with the risk of carotid atherosclerosis from the cross-sectional data in type 2 diabetes. Moreover, these associations are independent of lifestyle factors, duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes, and, remarkably, CRP, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and BMI.

Serum osteocalcin correlated negatively with TG and TC in our study, which is consistent with previous studies. It is well established that elevated serum TC was an independent risk factor for the development of CVD. Given that serum osteocalcin levels were significantly associated with CRP and TC levels, it is plausible to consider osteocalcin as a promising candidate for risk assessment and a potential intervention target for CVD. In a Japanese study, serum osteocalcin was negatively associated with intima-media thickness of common carotid artery in type 2 diabetic men [13]. In another study, serum levels of osteocalcin were inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and the severity of coronary artery disease in Chinese men [15]. Moreover, an Australian study showed that serum osteocalcin levels predicted all-cause and CVD-related mortality in community-dwelling older men [20]. Interestingly, in line with our hypothesis, we observed that serum osteocalcin levels is an independent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Certainly, prospective studies with solid clinical end points are urgently needed to clarify whether low osteocalcin level plays a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis.

Endothelial inflammation plays a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [21]. The inflammatory process is complex, with various cellular mediators known to contribute [22]. We further tested the correlation between chronic low-grade inflammation and osteocalcin. In our study, serum osteocalcin correlated negatively with CRP. CRP is a pattern-recognition molecule of innate immunity as an acute-phase reactant and a hallmark of low-grade systemic inflammation [23, 24]. CRP is a well known serum marker of chronic low-grade inflammation and has been associated with diabetes, hypertension and CVDs. Hence, the results of current study might be partially mediated via the mechanism of chronic low-grade inflammation.

Moreover, there is evidence to show the influence of bone proteins on cardiovascular disease [25–33]. During atherogenesis, bone matrix proteins, including osteocalcin, may have a regulatory role in the atherosclerotic calcification process [34]. Recent evidence suggests that osteoblast-like cells are present in the vasculature and capable of calcifying vascular cells. Furthermore, paracrine regulators of bone metabolism such as osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein (MGP), osteopontin, and bone morphogenetic protein are also present in atherosclerotic arteries. Thus, the vascular microenvironment possesses mechanisms similar to those in bone tissues to maintain mineral homeostasis. Both MGP and osteocalcin are known to be Gla-containing proteins. MGP is a secretory protein with widespread tissue expression, including in bone and vascular walls. MGP-knockout mice develop extensive calcification of arteries that rapidly becomes lethal, suggesting that MGP has an antimineralization role in the artery. In humans, osteocalcin is expressed parallel to MGP in both normal and atherosclerotic vessels and is also detected in human carotid arteries from endarterectomy samples. Thus, the two Gla proteins, osteocalcin and MGP, could play a pivotal role in not only bone mineralization but also vascular wall calcification [13]. However, at present, little is known about whether serum osteocalcin secreted from osteoblasts in bone or osteoblast-like cells in vessels actually could modulate atherosclerosis. Thus, further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological processes underlying the relationship between serum osteocalcin level and atherosclerosis parameters.

The circulating measure of total osteocalcin includes both carboxylated and uncarboxylated forms [35]. Animal and in vitro data implied that only the uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin functioned hormonally in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. The latest researches based on population showed that elevated levels of both carboxylated and uncarboxylated forms of osteocalcin were associated with improved glucose tolerance; but the uncarboxylated form was related to insulin secretion, and the carboxylated form was associated with insulin resistance. Our study only measured total osteocalcin and did not have measurements of uncarboxylated osteocalcin; therefore, we could not further verify this hypothesis. It may be of interest to elucidate this potential mechanism in the context of the uncarboxylated and carboxylated forms and determine the direction of causality in a further longitudinal study.

Strengths of this study include the large size of the cohort, the use of early morning blood samples to minimise any effect of diurnal variation on TOC levels and the storage of aliquots at −80°C until assay. We excluded men who had conditions known to affect osteocalcin levels namely bone fracture, Paget’s disease and use of bisphosphonate or glucocorticoid therapy. However, As a cross-sectional study, there are several limitations. The mechanisms underlying these associations are still to be explored. The present findings are inherently limited in the ability to eliminate causal relationships between osteocalcin and atherosclerosis. Although most potential confounders were carefully controlled, since some of the study population had several risk factors including hypertension, and dyslipidemia, we could not eliminate the possible effect of underlying diseases and medications used for these diseases on the present findings. Further prospective population-based studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms in order to answer these questions.

In conclusion, our study indicated that serum osteocalcin levels were significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes, even after adjustment for other potential confounders. This may reflect the role of osteocalcin as a circulating endocrine factor which regulates glucose metabolism and thereby cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prospective studies are needed to assess the time course and relevance of serum osteocalcin in the development of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Notes

Declarations

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
(2)
Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital, Shanghai medical college, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

References

  1. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE: Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 1997, 96: 1432-1437. 10.1161/01.CIR.96.5.1432.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Jr Wolfson SK: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999, 340: 14-22. 10.1056/NEJM199901073400103.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Matsumoto K, Sera Y, Nakamura H, Ueki Y, Miyake S: Correlation between common carotid arterial wall thickness and ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2002, 51: 244-247. 10.1053/meta.2002.28971.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Melidonis A, Kyriazis IA, Georgopali A, Zairis M, Lyras A, Lambropoulos T, Matsaidonis D, Foussas S: Prognostic value of the carotid artery intima-media thickness for the presence and severity of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2003, 26: 3189-3190. 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3189.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Niskanen L, Rauramaa R, Miettinen H, Haffner SM, Mercuri M, Uusitupa M: Carotid artery intima-media thickness in elderly patients with NIDDM and in nondiabetic subjects. Stroke. 1996, 27: 1986-1992. 10.1161/01.STR.27.11.1986.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Goff DC, D'Agostino RB, Haffner SM, Saad MF, Wagenknecht LE: Lipoprotein concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis by diabetes status: results from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care. 2000, 23: 1006-1011. 10.2337/diacare.23.7.1006.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Ferron M, Wei J, Yoshizawa T, Del Fattore A, DePinho RA, Teti A, Ducy P, Karsenty G: Insulin signalling in osteoblasts integrates bone remodelling and energy metabolism. Cell. 2010, 142: 296-308. 10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.003.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Khosla S, Amin S, Orwoll E: Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev. 2008, 29: 441-464. 10.1210/er.2008-0002.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S, Priemel M, Schilling AF, Beil FT, Shen J, Vinson C, Rueger JM, Karsenty G: Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass. Cell. 2000, 100: 197-207. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81558-5.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Elefteriou F, Ahn JD, Takeda S, Starbuck M, Yang X, Liu X, Kondo H, Richards WG, Bannon TW, Noda M, Clement K, Vaisse C, Karsenty G: Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART. Nature. 2005, 434: 514-520. 10.1038/nature03398.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, Dacquin R, Mee PJ, McKee MD, Jung DY, Zhang Z, Kim JK, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Ducy P, Karsenty G: Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell. 2007, 130: 456-469. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Ferron M, Hinoi E, Karsenty G, Ducy P: Osteocalcin differentially regulates beta cell and adipocyte gene expression and affects the development of metabolic diseases in wild-type mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008, 105: 5266-5270. 10.1073/pnas.0711119105.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto M, Yamauchi M, Kurioka S, Yano S, Sugimoto T: Serum osteocalcin level is associated with glucose metabolism and atherosclerosis parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009, 94: 45-49.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Chen L, Li Q, Yang Z, Ye Z, Huang Y, He M, Wen J, Wang X, Lu B, Hu J, Liu C, Ling C, Qu S, Hu R: Osteocalcin, glucose metabolism, lipid profile and chronic low-grade inflammation in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Diabet Med. 2012, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03769.x.Google Scholar
  15. Bao Y, Zhou M, Lu Z, Li H, Wang Y, Sun L, Gao M, Wei M, Jia W: Serum levels of osteocalcin are inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and the severity of coronary artery disease in Chinese men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011, 75: 196-201. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04065.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  16. D'Agostino RB, Burke G, O'Leary D, Rewers M, Selby J, Savage PJ, Saad MF, Bergman RN, Howard G, Wagenknecht L, Haffner SM: Ethnic differences in carotid wall thickness. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke. 1996, 27: 1744-9. 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1744.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Wei M, Gonzalez C, Haffner SM, O'Leary DH, Stern MP: Ultrasonographically assessed maximum carotid artery wall thickness in Mexico City residents and Mexican Americans living in San Antonio, Texas. Association with diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996, 16: 1388-92. 10.1161/01.ATV.16.11.1388.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Li Q, Yang Z, Lu B, Wen J, Ye Z, Chen L, He M, Tao X, Zhang W, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Qu S, Hu R: Serum uric acid level and its association with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011, 10: 72-10.1186/1475-2840-10-72.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Chen L, Yang Z, Lu B, Li Q, Ye Z, He M, Huang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Wen J, Liu C, Qu S, Hu R: Serum CXC ligand 5 is a new marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011, 75: 766-70. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04119.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  20. Yeap BB, Chubb SA, Flicker L, McCaul KA, Ebeling PR, Hankey GJ, Beilby JP, Norman PE: Associations of total osteocalcin with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older men. The Health In Men Study. Osteoporos Int. 2012, 23: 599-606. 10.1007/s00198-011-1586-1.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Zenari L, Scala L, Cigolini M, Arcaro G: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006, 65: 593-7. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02633.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  22. Bzowska M, Nogieć A, Skrzeczyńska-Moncznik J, Mickowska B, Guzik K, Pryjma J: Oxidized LDLs inhibit TLR-induced IL-10 production by monocytes: a new aspect of pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis. Inflammation. 2012, 35: 1567-84. 10.1007/s10753-012-9472-3.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Yang Z, Wen J, Tao X, Lu B, Du Y, Wang M, Wang X, Zhang W, Gong W, Ling C, Wu S, Hu R: Genetic variation in the GCKR gene is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese people. Mol Biol Rep. 2011, 38: 1145-50. 10.1007/s11033-010-0212-1.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Yang Z, Zhang Z, Wen J, Wang X, Lu B, Yang Z, Zhang W, Wang M, Feng X, Ling C, Wu S, Hu R: Elevated serum chemokine CXC ligand 5 levels are associated with hypercholesterolemia but not a worsening of insulin resistance in Chinese people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010, 95: 3926-32. 10.1210/jc.2009-2194.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Fadini GP, Albiero M, Menegazzo L, Boscaro E, Agostini C, de Kreutzenberg SV, Rattazzi M, Avogaro A: Procalcific phenotypic drift of circulating progenitor cells in type 2 diabetes with coronary artery disease. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012, 2012: 921685.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Fadini GP, Albiero M, Menegazzo L, Boscaro E, Vigili De Kreutzenberg S, Agostini C, Cabrelle A, Binotto G, Rattazzi M, Bertacco E, Bertorelle R, Biasini L, Mion M, Plebani M, Ceolotto G, Angelini A, Castellani C, Menegolo M, Grego F, Dimmeler S, Seeger F, Zeiher A, Tiengo A, Avogaro A: Widespread increase in myeloid calcifying cells contributes to ectopic vascular calcification in type 2 diabetes. Circ Res. 2011, 108: 1112-21. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.234088.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Muneyuki T, Nakajima K, Aoki A, Yoshida M, Fuchigami H, Munakata H, Ishikawa SE, Sugawara H, Kawakami M, Momomura S, Kakei M: Latent associations of low serum amylase with decreased plasma insulin levels and insulin resistance in asymptomatic middle-aged adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012, 11: 80-10.1186/1475-2840-11-80.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Reyes-Garcia R, Rozas-Moreno P, Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Villoslada MJ, Garcia-Salcedo JA, Santana-Morales S, Muñoz-Torres M: Relationship between serum levels of osteocalcin and atherosclerotic disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2012, 38: 76-81. 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.07.008.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Håglin L, Bäckman L, Törnkvist B: A structural equation model for assessment of links between changes in serum triglycerides, -urate, and -glucose and changes in serum calcium, -magnesium and -phosphate in type 2 diabetes and non-diabetes metabolism. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011, 10: 116-10.1186/1475-2840-10-116.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T: Relationship between bone biochemical markers versus glucose/lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis; a longitudinal study in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011, 92: 393-9. 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.03.015.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Reinhard H, Nybo M, Hansen PR, Wiinberg N, Kjær A, Petersen CL, Winther K, Parving HH, Rasmussen LM, Rossing P, Jacobsen PK: Osteoprotegerin and coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011, 10: 70-10.1186/1475-2840-10-70.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Pennisi P, Russo E, Gaudio A, Veca R, D'Amico F, Mangiafico RA, Laspina M, Tringali G, Signorelli SS, Fiore CE: The association between carotid or femoral atherosclerosis and low bone mass in postmenopausal women referred for osteoporosis screening. Does osteoprotegerin play a role?. Maturitas. 2010, 67: 358-62. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.07.013.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Criqui MH, Kamineni A, Allison MA, Ix JH, Carr JJ, Cushman M, Detrano R, Post W, Wong ND: Risk factor differences for aortic versus coronary calcified atherosclerosis: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010, 30: 2289-96. 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.208181.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, Cleutjens KB, Geusens PP, Kitslaar PJ, Tordoir JH, Spronk HM, Vermeer C, Daemen MJ: Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001, 21: 1998-2003. 10.1161/hq1201.100229.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Ichijima T, Matsuzaka K, Tonogi M, Yamane GY, Inoue T: Osteogenic differences in cultured rat periosteal cells under hypoxic and normal conditions. Exp Ther Med. 2012, 3: 165-170. 10.3892/etm.2011.393.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© Sheng et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Advertisement

Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840