Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Bjorntorp P, Tibblin G: Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13-year follow-up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br Med J. 1984, 288: 1401-1404. 10.1136/bmj.288.6428.1401.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M: Type 2 diabetes as a “coronary heart disease equivalent”. An 18-year prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects. Diabetes Care. 2005, 28: 2901-2907. 10.2337/diacare.28.12.2901.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bluher M: Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2009, 117: 241-250. 10.1055/s-0029-1192044.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wajchenberg BL: Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Rev. 2000, 21: 697-738. 10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Snijder MB, Visser M, Dekker JM, Goodpaster BH, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Kanaya AM, Newman AB, Tylavsky FA, Seidell JC, DeRN: Low subcutaneous thigh fat is a risk factor for unfavourable glucose and lipid levels, independently of high abdominal fat. The Health ABC Study. Diabetologia. 2005, 48: 301-308. 10.1007/s00125-004-1637-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu J, Fox CS, Hickson DA, May WD, Hairston KG, Carr JJ, Taylor HA: Imact of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jackson Heart Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010, 95: 5419-5426. 10.1210/jc.2010-1378.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pou KM, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, Maurovich-Horvat P, Larson MG, Keaney JF, Meigs JB, Lipinska I, Kathiresan S, Murabito JM, O’Donnell CJ, Benjamin EJ, Fox CS: Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007, 11: 1234-1241.
Article
Google Scholar
Silaghi A, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Grino M, Leonetti G, Alessi MC, Clement K, Dadoun F, Dutour A: Epicardial adipose tissue extent: relationship with age, body fat distribution, and coronaropathy. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008, 16: 2424-2430. 10.1038/oby.2008.379.
Article
Google Scholar
Narumi H, Yoshida K, Hshimoto N, Umehara I, Funabashi N, Yoshida S, Komuro I: Increased subcutaneous fat accumulation has a protective role against subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects undergoing general health screening. Int J Cardiol. 2009, 135: 150-155. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.044.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Armellini F, Zamboni M, Robbi R, Todesco T, Rigo L, Bergamo-Andreis IA, Bosello O: Total and intra-abdominal fat measurements by ultrasound and computerized tomography. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993, 17: 209-214.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rolfe EDL, Sleigh A, Finucane FM, Brage S, Stolk RP, Cooper C, Sharp SJ, Wareham NJ, Ong KK: Ultrasound measurements of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal thickness to predict abdominal adiposity among older men and women. Obesity. 2010, 18: 625-631. 10.1038/oby.2009.309.
Article
Google Scholar
Stolk RP, Wink O, Zelissen PM, Meijer R, van Gils AP, Grobbee DE: Validity and reproducibility of ultrasonography for the measurement of intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25: 1346-1351. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801734.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim SK, Kim HJ, Hur KY, Choik SH, Ahn CW, Lim SK, Kim KR, Lee HC, Huh KB, Cha BS: Visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography can estimate not only visceral obesity but also risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 79: 593-599.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pontiroli AE, Pizzocri P, Giacomelli M, Marchi M, Vedani P, Cucchi E, Orena C, Folli F, Pagonelli M: Ultrasound measurement of visceral and subcutaneous fat in morbidly obese patients before and after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: comparison with computerized tomography and with anthropometric measurements. Obes Surg. 2002, 12: 648-651. 10.1381/096089202321019620.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee MJ, Shin DH, Kim SJ, Oh HJ, Yoo DE, Kim JK, Park JT, Han SH, Kang SW, Choi KH, Yoo TH: Visceral fat thickness is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012, 20: 1301-1307. 10.1038/oby.2011.245.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Karabulut A, Yaylali GF, Demirlenk S, Sevket O, Acun A: Evaluation of body fat distribution in PCOS and its association with carotid atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012, 28: 111-114. 10.3109/09513590.2011.589929.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M: Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Circulation. 2007, 115: 459-67. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jung CH, Baek AR, Kim KJ, Kim BY, Kim CH, Kang SK, Mok JO: Association between cardiac automonic neuropathy diabetic retinopathy and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab. 2013, 28: 1-11. 10.3803/EnM.2013.28.1.1.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim SK, Park SW, Kim SH, Cha BS, Lee HC, Cho YW: Visceral fat amount is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic men with a normal waist circumference. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009, 33: 131-135. 10.1038/ijo.2008.222.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kawamoto R, Ohtsuka N, Ninomiya D, Nakamura S: Association of obesity and visceral fat distribution with intima-media thickness of carotid arteries in middle aged and older persons. Intern Med. 2008, 47: 143-149. 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0478.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mattews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985, 28: 412-419. 10.1007/BF00280883.
Article
Google Scholar
Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Clegg LX, Sharrett AR, Shahar E, Nieto FJ, Rosamond WD, Evans G: Carotid wall thickness is predictive of incident clinical stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 151: 478-487. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010233.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Divers J, Wagenknecht LE, Bowden DW, Carr JJ, Hightower RC, Ding J, Xu J, Langefeld CD, Freedman BI: Regional adipose tissue associations with calcified atherosclerotic plaque: African American-Diabetes Heart Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010, 18: 2004-2009. 10.1038/oby.2010.30.
Article
Google Scholar
Jang EH, Kim NY, Park YM, Kim MK, Baek KH, Song KH, Lee KW, Kwon HS: Influence of visceral adiposity on cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2012, 36: 285-292. 10.4093/dmj.2012.36.4.285.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sturm W, Sandhofer A, Engl J, Laimer M, Molnar C, Kaser S, Weiss H, Tilg H, Ebenbichler CF, Patsch JR: Influence of visceral obesity and liver fat on vascular structure and function in obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009, 17: 1783-1788. 10.1038/oby.2009.81.
Article
Google Scholar
Bjorntorp P: Metabolic implications of body fat distribution. Diabetes Care. 1991, 14: 1132-1143. 10.2337/diacare.14.12.1132.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khashper A, Gaspar T, Azencot M, Dobrecky-Mery I, Peled N, Lewis BS, Halon DA: Visceral abdominal adipose tissue and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic diabetics. Int J Cardiol. 2013, 162: 184-188. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.05.059.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Ma X, Zhou M, Zong W, Zhang L, Hao Y, Zhu J, Xiao Y, Li D, Bao Y, Jia W: Contribution of visceral fat accumulation to carotid intima-media thickness in a Chinese population. Int J Obes. 2012, 36: 1203-1208. 10.1038/ijo.2011.222.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dahlén EM, Bjarnegård N, Länne T, Nystrom FH, Ostgren CJ: Sagittal abdominal diameter is a more independent measure compared with waist circumference to predict arterial stiffness in subjects with type 2 diabetes- a prospective observational cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013, 12: 55-10.1186/1475-2840-12-55.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bays HE, Fox KM, Grandy S, SHIED Study Group: Anthropometric measurements and diabetes mellitus: clues to the “pathogenic” and “protective” potential of adipose tissue. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010, 8: 307-315. 10.1089/met.2009.0089.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Park JS, Cho MH, Ahn CW, Kim KR, Huh KB: The association of insulin resistance and carotid atherosclerosis with thigh and calf circumference in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012, 11: 62-10.1186/1475-2840-11-62.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Porter SA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, O’Donnell CJ, Fox CS: Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a protective fat depot?. Diabetes Care. 2009, 32: 1068-1075. 10.2337/dc08-2280.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wildman RP, Janssen I, Khan UI, Thurston R, Barinas-Mitchell E, Khoudary SRE, Everson-Rose SA, Kazlauskaite R, Matthews KA, Sutton-Tyrrell K: Subcutaneous adipose tissue in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in midlife women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011, 93: 719-726. 10.3945/ajcn.110.007153.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kawamoto R, Oka Y, Tomita H, Kodama A, Ootsuka N: Association between abdominal wall fat index on ultrasonography and carotid atherosclerosis in non-obese men. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2005, 12: 85-91. 10.5551/jat.12.85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yamamoto M, Egusa G, Hara H, Yamakido M: Association of intraabdominal fat and carotid atherosclerosis in non-obese middle-aged men with normal glucose tolerance. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997, 21: 948-951. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800501.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kotani K, Tokunaga K, Fujioka S, Kobatake T, Keno Y, Yoshida S, Shimomura I, Tarui S, Matsuzawa Y: Sexual dimorphism of age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994, 18: 207-2.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schreiner PJ, Terry JG, Evans GW, Hinson WH, Crouse JR, Heiss G: Sex-specific associations of magnetic resonance imaging-derived intraabdominal and subcutaneous fat areas with conventional anthropometric indices. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996, 144: 335-345. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008934.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuk JL, Lee SJ, Heymsfield SB, Ross R: Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: influence of age and sex. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005, 81: 1330-1334.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ, Graeff PA, Meyboom-de Jong B, Crijns HJ: Effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on intima-media thickness in previously untreated, elderly hypertensive patients (the ELVERA trial). J Hypertens. 2004, 22: 1309-1316. 10.1097/01.hjh.0000125412.50839.b5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sidhu JS, Kaposzta Z, Markus HS, Kaski JC: Effect of rosiglitazone on common carotid intima-media thickness progression in coronary artery disease patients without diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004, 24: 930-934. 10.1161/01.ATV.0000124890.40436.77.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Probstfield JL, Margitic SE, Byington RP, Eseland MA, Furberg CD: Results of the primary outcome measure and clinical events from the asymptomatic carotid artery progression study. Am J Cardiol. 1995, 76: 47-53C. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80799-1.
Article
Google Scholar