Competing interests
Kohei Kaku has received honoraria for lectures from MSD K.K., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Sanofi K.K., and Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., and unrestricted grants from MSD K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Astellas Pharma Inc., and AstraZeneca K.K.
Hirotaka Watada has received lecture fees from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, MSD K.K., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., and Kowa Company, Ltd., and research funding from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Terumo Corporation, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, MSD K.K., Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and AstraZeneca K.K.
Yasuhiko Iwamoto has received honoraria for lectures from MSD K.K., Sanofi K.K., and Eli Lilly Japan K.K.
Kazunori Utsunomiya has received honoraria for lectures from MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Sanofi K.K., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., Pfizer Japan Inc., AstraZeneca K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Teijin Pharma Limited., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Roche Diagnostics K.K., and Johnson & Johnson K.K., and unrestricted grants from MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Sanofi K.K., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., and AstraZeneca K.K.
Yasuo Terauchi has received honoraria for lectures from MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Sanofi K.K., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., Pfizer Japan Inc., AstraZeneca K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Teijin Pharma Limited., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Roche Diagnostics K.K., and Johnson & Johnson K.K., and unrestricted grants from MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Sanofi K.K., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., and AstraZeneca K.K.
Kazuyuki Tobe has received honoraria for lectures from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, and scholarship funds from Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Astellas Pharma Inc., Sanofi K.K., Iryouhoujin Shichitokukai, Seida Sadayoshi, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Yukio Tanizawa has received honoraria for lectures from Novartis Pharma K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., and Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., and scholarship funds from Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, MSD K.K., Astellas Pharma Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Novartis Pharma K.K., and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd.
Eiichi Araki has received honoraria for lectures from MSD K.K., Sanofi K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Kowa Company, Ltd., and scholarship funds from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Sanofi K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., and MSD K.K.
Masamichi Ueda is an employee of Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Hideki Suganami is an employee of Kowa Company, Ltd.
Daisuke Watanabe is an employee of Sanofi K.K.
Authors’ contributions
KK contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; interpretation of data; writing of the first draft; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. HW contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; the collection and interpretation of data; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. YI contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; the collection and interpretation of data; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. KU contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; the collection and interpretation of data; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Y Terauchi contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; the interpretation of data; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. KT contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; the collection and interpretation of data; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Y Tanizawa contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; the collection and interpretation of data; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. EA contributed to the conception, organization and execution of the study; the interpretation of data; and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. MU created the database, performed statistical analyses, and contributed to the interpretation of the data. HS created the database, performed statistical analyses, and contributed to the interpretation of the data. DW created the database, performed statistical analyses, and contributed to the interpretation of the data. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript for submission.