Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the 3 treatment groups: (i) glargine, (ii) glargine + lispro, and (iii) glargine + exenatide

Age (years)

56.4 (9.5)

60.6 (7.1)

55.5 (8.9)

0.09

Sex (% male)

14 (58)

10 (42)

17 (68)

0.17

Ethnicity

0.40

 White n(%)

15 (62.5)

16 (66.7)

18 (72)

 South Asian n(%)

2 (8.3)

1 (4.2)

4 (16)

 Other n(%)

7 (29.2)

7 (24.1)

3 (12)

Duration of diabetes (years)

3.5 (2.1)

4.1 (2.0)

3.4 (2.0)

0.43

DM medications before study

0.91

 Lifestyle only n(%)

3 (12.5)

2 (8.3)

5 (20)

 Metformin n(%)

17 (70.8)

16 (66.7)

15 (60)

 DPP-4 inhibitor n(%)

1 (4.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 SGLT-2 inhibitor n(%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (4)

 Sulfonylurea n(%)

0 (0)

1 (4.2)

0 (0)

 Metformin + DPP-4 inhibitor n(%)

3 (12.5)

4 (16.7)

3 (12)

 Metformin + SGLT-2 inhibitor n(%)

0 (0)

1 (4.2)

1 (4)

 Metformin + Sulfonylurea n(%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Vascular complications

 Retinopathy n(%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

*

 Albuminuria n(%)

1 (4)

1 (4)

1 (4)

1.00

 Neuropathy n(%)

1 (4)

2 (8)

2 (8)

1.00

 Cardiovascular disease n(%)

1 (4)

2 (8)

1 (4)

0.84

Vascular Risk Factors

 Hypertension n(%)

10 (42)

19 (79)

12 (48)

0.02

 Hypercholesterolemia n(%)

12 (52)

14 (58)

16 (64)

0.69

 Current smoking n(%)

2 (14)

3 (18)

3 (13)

1.00

Cardioprotective medications

 ACE inhibitor/ARB n(%)

9 (38)

16 (67)

12 (48)

0.12

 Statin n(%)

14 (58)

15 (62)

17 (68)

0.78

 Aspirin n(%)

4 (17)

7 (29)

3 (12)

0.32

Body mass index (kg/m2)

32.2 (7.0)

31.2 (5.7)

30.9 (5.8)

0.75

Waist circumference (cm)

108 (15.6)

104 (13.7)

105 (12.5)

0.59

Baseline A1c (%)

6.6 (0.7)

6.3 (0.7)

6.6 (0.7)

0.34

Vascular measures

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

133 (18.7)

135 (15.2)

137 (15.5)

0.69

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

82 (9.7)

81 (9.0)

84 (10.7)

0.56

 Heart rate (beats per min)

71 (13.0)

72 (11.8)

69 (9.5)

0.62

 RHI

1.88 (0.41)

1.83 (0.46)

1.83 (0.32)

0.86