Table 1 Baseline characteristics of Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 1 (FDS1) and 2 (FDS2) participants with type 2 diabetes
| Â | FDS1 | FDS2 | Difference (95Â % CI) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 1296 | 1509 | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 64.0 ± 11.3 | 65.4 ± 11.7 | 1.4 (0.6–2.3) | <0.001 |
Sex (% male) | 48.6 | 51.8 | 3.2 (−0.5 to 6.9) | 0.032 |
Ethnic background (%) | ||||
 Anglo-Celt | 61.4 | 52.6 | −8.9 (−12.5 to −5.2) | <0.001 |
 Southern European | 17.7 | 12.9 | −4.9 (−7.6 to −2.2) | <0.001 |
 Other European | 8.5 | 7.4 | −1.1 (−0.9 to 3.1) | 0.20 |
 Asian | 3.4 | 4.3 | 0.9 (−0.5 to 2.3) | 0.14 |
 Aboriginal | 1.5 | 7.1 | 5.6 (4.2–7.1) | <0.00 |
 Other | 7.5 | 15.8 | 8.4 (6.0–10.7) | <0.001 |
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 57.9 ± 11.7 | 55.6 ± 12.4 | −2.3 (−3.2 to 1.4) | <0.001 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.0 (1.0–9.0) | 8.0 (2.7–15.4) | 3.7 (3.2–4.3) | <0.001 |
Education beyond primary level (%) | 74.0 | 86.8 | 12.8 (9.8–15.7) | <0.001 |
Paid employment (%) | 17.5 | 31.0 | 13.6 (10.4–16.7) | <0.001 |
Married/de facto relationship (%) | 65.7 | 62.7 | −3.0 (−6.5 to 0.6) | 0.79 |
Alcohol use (standard drinks/day) | 0 (0–0.8) | 0.1 (0–1.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.003 |
Smoking status (%) | ||||
 Never | 44.7 | 45.4 | 0.7 (−3.0 to 4.4) | 0.054 |
 Ex- | 40.2 | 43.9 | 3.6 (−0.03 to 7.3) | 0.29 |
 Current | 15.1 | 10.7 | −4.5 (−7.0 to −2.0) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 5.4 | 31.3 ± 6.1 | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | <0.001 |
Obese by waist circumference (%)a | 64.5 | 70.9 | 6.4 (2.9–9.9) | <0.001 |
Overweight/obese by waist:hip ratio (%)b | 74.2 | 82.7 | 8.5 (5.4–11.6) | <0.001 |
Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) | 8.0 (6.5–10.3) | 7.2 (6.2–8.9) | −0.8 (−1.0 to −0.6) | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.2 (6.2–8.5) | 6.8 (6.2–7.7) | −0.3 (−0.4 to −0.2) | <0.001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 55 (44–69) | 51 (44–61) | −3.5 (−4.8 to −2.1) | <0.001 |
Diabetes treatment (%) | ||||
 Diet | 31.9 | 24.6 | −7.3 (−10.7 to −4.0) | <0.001 |
 Oral agents | 56.0 | 53.4 | −2.6 (−6.3 to 1.1) | 0.075 |
 Insulin ± oral agents | 12.1 | 22.0 | 9.9 (7.2–12.7) | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 151 ± 24 | 146 ± 22 | −5.1 (−6.8 to −3.4) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 11 | 80 ± 12 | −0.3 (−1.1 to 0.6) | 0.66 |
On antihypertensive therapy (%) | 50.9 | 72.6 | 21.7 (18.2–25.2) | <0.001 |
On renin-angiotensin blockers (%) | 21.8 | 64.3 | 42.4 (39.1–45.8) | <0.001 |
Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | −1.1 (−1.2 to −1.0) | <0.001 |
Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.3 | 1.24 ± 0.3 | 0.18 (0.15–0.20) | <0.001 |
Serum LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 0.91 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | −1.0 (−1.1 to −0.9) | <0.001 |
Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.2 (1.2–3.9) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | −0.9 (−1.0 to −0.7) | <0.001 |
On lipid modifying treatment (%) | 10.5 | 67.5 | 56.9 (54.0–59.8) | <0.001 |
Taking aspirin (%) | 22.0 | 36.6 | 14.6 (11.3–17.9) | <0.001 |
Microalbuminuria or worse (%) | 56.4 | 40.0 | −16.4 (−20.0 to −12.7) | <0.001 |
eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (%) | 24.2 | 16.5 | –7.8 (−10.8 to −4.8) | <0.001 |
Any retinopathy (%) | 16.4 | 22.4 | 6.0 (3.0–9.1) | 0.001 |
Peripheral sensory neuropathy (%) | 30.8 | 58.2 | 27.4 (23.9–31.0) | <0.001 |
Ischaemic heart disease (%) | 29.6 | 27.8 | −1.8 (−5.1 to 1.6) | 0.32 |
Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 10.0 | 8.5 | −1.4 (−3.6 to 0.8) | 0.21 |
Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 29.3 | 22.6 | −6.7 (−10.0 to −3.5) | <0.001 |
Intermittent claudication (%) | 14.0 | 9.2 | −4.8 (−7.2 to −2.4) | <0.001 |
Arterial bypass/revascularisation (%) | 1.3 | 3.0 | 1.7 (0.7–2.8) | 0.013 |
Past hospitalisation for/current foot ulcer | 1.6 | 2.8 | 1.2 (0.1–2.3) | 0.17 |
Diabetes-related LEA (%) | 1.2 | 1.0 | −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.6) | 0.22 |
Diabetes-related major LEA (%) | 0.6 | 0.3 | −0.3 (−0.8 to 0.2) | 0.07 |
Diabetes-related minor LEA (%) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7) | 0.90 |