Table 2 Differences in clinical characteristics of women and men with NGT, prediabetes, and T2DM

Age (yrs)

42 ± 8

49 ± 13

57 ± 2

0.5

0.01

46 ± 11

55 ± 5

54 ± 8

0.3

0.1

BMI (kg/m²)

28.5 ± 5.9

30.5 ± 7

31.2 ± 5.4

0.8^§

0.3^§

29.5 ± 3.8

25 ± 0.6

31.3 ± 3.8

0.1^§

0.02^§

Waist circumference (cm)

96.5 ± 13

99.5 ± 17

104.7 ± 11

0.9^§

0.2^§

104 ± 9

95 ± 6

108 ± 8

0.1^§

0.06^§

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

112 ± 16

129 ± 10

125 ± 11

0.09^§

0.8^§

121 ± 19

127 ± 18

127 ± 13

0.1^§

0.01^§

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

71 ± 10

76 ± 9

73 ± 10

0.9^§

0.5^§

76 ± 12

74 ± 11

81 ± 10

0.4^§

0.2^§

Heart rate (beats min⁻¹)

66 ± 4

72 ± 11

75 ± 9

0.056^§

0.09^§

69 ± 10

68 ± 14

73 ± 6

0.9^§

0.03^§

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

194 ± 47

200 ± 38

161 ± 22

0.5^§

0.07^§

193 ± 29

206 ± 27

188 ± 40

0.5^§

0.7^§

HDL (mg/dl)

57 ± 11

51 ± 6

48 ± 7

0.4^§

0.3^§

45 ± 12

41 ± 8

41 ± 8

0.6^§

0.2^§

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

125 ± 39

136 ± 41

108 ± 24

0.8^§

0.1^§

125 ± 36

141 ± 22

120 ± 30

0.3^§

0.9^§

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

117 ± 83

118 ± 34

156 ± 59

0.5^§

0.8^§

133 ± 75

130 ± 53

142 ± 77

0.7^§

0.5^§

Fasting plasma Glucose (mg/dL)

88 ± 6

94 ± 19

150 ± 37

0.9^§

< 0.0001^§

85 ± 6

99 ± 8

140 ± 40

0.01^§

0.002^§

2-h post load plasma glucose (mg/dl)

111 ± 13

149 ± 22

–

< 0.0001^§

–

121 ± 14

142 ± 1

–

0.053

–

Fasting plasma insulin (mU/mL)

12.5 ± 5.8

14.2 ± 13

11.1 ± 8

0.2^§

0.1^§

11.5 ± 4.2

8.4 ± 3.5

13.6 ± 7.9

0.4^§

0.2^§

HbA1c (%)

5.5 ± 0.4

5.7 ± 0.3

7.8 ± 0.9

0.9^§

< 0.0001^§

5.4 ± 0.6

5.9 ± 0.2

7.4 ± 1.1

0.3^§

 < 0.0001^§

Fat mass (Kg)

24.2 ± 10

26.8 ± 11

25.3 ± 12

0.9^§

0.8^§

23.2 ± 5.2

18.9 ± 1.8

26.3 ± 5.7

0.03^§

0.8^§

Fat free mass (Kg)

45.7 ± 4.3

47.1 ± 5.4

46.8 ± 5.0

0.6^§

0.3^§

44.4 ± 6.1

58.4 ± 2.1

46.7 ± 8.0

0.4^§

0.1^§

Fasting plasma glucose concentration at the beginning of the clamp (mg/dl)

80.4 ± 6.2

81.4 ± 15

128 ± 25

0.8^§

0.001^§

78.1 ± 13

83.2 ± 20

121.5 ± 24

0.8^§

0.001^§

Antihypertensive therapy (%)

8.3

14.3

62.5

0.7^§

0.4^§

37.5

25

66.7

0.5^§

0.4^§

Lipid-lowering therapy (%)

8.3

14.3

75

0.7^§

0.005^§

12.5

25

44.4

0.5^§

0.2^§

Glucose-lowering therapy

–

–

100

–

< 0.0001^§

–

–

100

–

< 0.0001^§

Meftormin (%)

–

–

100

–

 < 0.0001^§

–

–

100

–

< 0.0001^§

Diabetes duration (years)

–

–

5.2 ± 4.0

–

< 0.0001^§

–

–

3.9 ± 3.0

–

< 0.0001^§

Whole body insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (mg/min × Kg FFM)

9.58 ± 8.3

3.74 ± 1.6

2.54 ± 2.7

0.2^§

0.02^§

6.9 ± 6.1

5.6 ± 5.5

3.02 ± 1.7

0.6^§

0.02^§

Myocardial MrGlu (μmol/min/100 g)

25.7 ± 6.9

16.7 ± 7.2

6.6 ± 7.01

0.04^§

0.006^§

28.3 ± 5.4

18.6 ± 6.4

16.9 ± 10.1

0.02^§

0.004^§