Table 1 Clinical characteristics presented by diabetic retinopathy severity at baseline
From: Stroke incidence increases with diabetic retinopathy severity and macular edema in type 1 diabetes
n in analysis | No–very mild diabetic retinopathy | Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy | Proliferative diabetic retinopathy | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline data | |||||
n | 575 | 203 | 490 | ||
Women | 1,268 | 312 (54.3) | 77 (37.9) | 223 (45.5) | < 0.001 |
Age, years | 1,268 | 33.7 [26.1, 43.4] | 39.6 [32.6, 47.7] | 41.7 [34.4, 48.8] | < 0.001 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 1,268 | 21.1 ± 9.3 | 25.8 ± 8.1 | 30.5 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 |
Age at onset of diabetes, years | 1,268 | 12.9 [7.9, 19.1] | 12.8 [8.7, 19.7] | 10.2 [6.6, 15.2] | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, m2/kg | 1,266 | 25.1 ± 3.2 | 25.5 ± 4.0 | 25.7 ± 4.0 | 0.052 |
HbA1C, %(mmol/mol) | 1,268 | 8.6 ± 1.5 (70 ± 16) | 8.7 ± 1.5 (71 ± 16) | 8.6 ± 1.5 (71 ± 16) | 0.672 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 1,268 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1,268 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1,268 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1,268 | 1.0 [0.8, 1.5] | 1.1 [0.8, 1.6] | 1.3 [0.9, 1.9] | < 0.001 |
Use of lipid lowering medication, n (%) | 1,267 | 32 (5.6) | 24 (11.8) | 91 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1,268 | 130 ± 16 | 137 ± 19 | 143 ± 21 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1,265 | 80 [72, 85] | 81 [76, 88] | 82 [76, 90] | < 0.001 |
Use of antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 1,267 | 146 (25.4) | 123 (60.6) | 392 (80.2) | < 0.001 |
Diabetic kidney disease, n (%) | 1,268 | 65 (11.3) | 61 (30.0) | 319 (65.1) | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 1,268 | 13 (2.3) | 11 (5.4) | 56 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 1,268 | 8 (1.4) | 8 (3.9) | 59 (12.0) | < 0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 1,246 | < 0.001 | |||
Current smoker | 141 (24.9) | 50 (25.1) | 112 (23.3) | ||
History of smoking | 109 (19.3) | 53 (26.6) | 149 (31.0) | ||
No history of smoking | 316 (55.8) | 96 (48.2) | 220 (45.7) | ||
Follow-up data | |||||
Any stroke, n (%) | 1,268 | 26 (4.5) | 25 (12.3) | 79 (16.1) | < 0.001 |
Ischemic stroke | 1,268 | 23 (4.0) | 20 (9.8) | 53 (10.8) | < 0.001 |
Type of ischemic stroke | 96 | 0.492 | |||
Lacunar stroke | 8 (34.8) | 10 (50.0) | 24 (45.3) | ||
Non-lacunar stroke | 5 (21.7) | 6 (30.0) | 16 (30.2) | ||
Undefined ischemic stroke | 10 (43.5) | 4 (20.0) | 13 (24.5) | ||
Hemorrhagic stroke, n (%) | 1,268 | 3 (0.5) | 5 (2.5) | 26 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
Type of hemorrhagic stroke | 34 | 0.146 | |||
Intra cerebral hemorrhage | 1 (33.3) | 4 (80.0) | 22 (84.6) | ||
Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage | 2 (66.7) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (15.4) | ||
Death during follow-up, n (%) | 1,268 | 43 (7.5) | 34 (16.7) | 167 (34.1) | < 0.001 |