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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with and without diabetic kidney disease

From: Associations between cardiometabolic indices and the risk of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Characteristics

Overall

Non-DKD

DKD

P value

 

(n = 4351)

(n = 2980)

(n = 1371)

 

Age, years

53.8 ± 14.1

53.0 ± 13.9

55.7 ± 14.8

< 0.001

Female

1510 (34.7)

1007 (33.8)

503 (36.7)

0.064

SBP, mmHg

129 ± 17

126 ± 15

135 ± 19

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

79 ± 10

77 ± 10

81 ± 11

< 0.001

Heart rate, beats/min

82 ± 13

81 ± 12

85 ± 13

< 0.001

Obesity-related index

    

Body mass index

24.6 ± 6.0

24.4 ± 6.6

25.1 ± 4.3

< 0.001

Head circumference, cm

55.7 ± 3.4

55.7 ± 3.5

55.7 ± 3.3

0.910

Neck circumference, cm

38.8 ± 3.9

38.6 ± 3.8

39.1 ± 3.9

0.003

Waist circumference, cm

90.7 ± 10.7

90.0 ± 10.4

92.2 ± 11.3

< 0.001

Hip circumference, cm

97.3 ± 8.6

97.1 ± 8.2

97.8 ± 9.3

0.127

Visceral fat, cm2

95.9 ± 38.6

93.2 ± 37.5

102 ± 40.3

< 0.001

Subcutaneous fat, cm2

181 ± 65.2

179 ± 65.9

186 ± 63.5

0.005

Laboratory test

    

FPG, mmol/L

8.1 [6.5, 11.1]

7.8 [6.4, 10.4]

9.0 [6.9, 12.4]

< 0.001

FINS, pmol/L

54.5 [34.4, 87.2]

51.7 [32.7, 80.4]

62.5 [39.8, 102.0]

< 0.001

HbA1C, %

8.86 ± 2.30

8.62 ± 2.25

9.39 ± 2.34

< 0.001

HGB, g/L

140 ± 19.1

143 ± 17.4

136 ± 21.4

< 0.001

ALT, U/L

22.0 [15.0, 34.0]

22.0 [16.0, 34.0]

22.0 [15.0, 34.0]

0.283

AST, U/L

21.0 [17.0, 28.0]

21.0 [17.0, 27.0]

22.0 [18.0, 28.0]

0.433

ALP, U/L

77.0 [64.0, 93.0]

75.0 [62.0, 91.0]

81.0 [67.0, 98.0]

< 0.001

γ-GT, U/L

26.0 [17.0, 42.2]

25.0 [17.0, 40.0]

28.0 [19.0, 49.0]

< 0.001

Alb, g/L

41.8 ± 4.58

42.4 ± 4.02

40.6 ± 5.39

< 0.001

BUN, mmol/L

6.41 ± 10.10

5.83 ± 6.74

7.67 ± 14.90

< 0.001

TG, mmol/L

2.05 ± 2.26

1.83 ± 1.59

2.50 ± 3.21

< 0.001

TC, mmol/L

4.82 ± 1.35

4.76 ± 1.22

4.95 ± 1.60

< 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.19 ± 0.36

1.21 ± 0.35

1.15 ± 0.36

< 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.66 ± 0.95

2.64 ± 0.90

2.71 ± 1.06

0.048

FT3, pmol/L

4.25 ± 1.01

4.31 ± 1.02

4.14 ± 0.97

< 0.001

FT4, pmol/L

13.9 ± 2.92

13.8 ± 2.47

13.9 ± 3.66

0.455

Urine Cr, g/L

1.14 [0.73, 1.75]

1.24 [0.80, 1.90]

0.96 [0.60, 1.47]

< 0.001

hs-CRP, mg/L

1.60 [0.70, 3.70]

1.40 [0.60, 3.10]

2.15 [0.90, 4.80]

< 0.001

mAlb, mg/L

19.7 [10.8, 58.4]

11.9 [10.8, 21.9]

118 [62.0, 279]

< 0.001

ACR, µg/mg

15.1 [12.5, 43.3]

12.5 [10.1, 15.7]

93.7 [47.0, 318]

< 0.001

Serum Cr, µmol/L

66.6 [56.1, 78.9]

65.4 [56.0, 75.9]

71.2 [57.0, 89.7]

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2

115 [93, 138]

118 [99, 138]

106 [76, 136]

< 0.001

Comorbidity

    

Hypertension

1614 (37.1)

933 (31.3)

681 (49.7)

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia

979 (22.5)

656 (22.0)

323 (23.6)

0.257

Coronary heart disease

226 (5.2)

140 (4.7)

86 (6.3)

0.033

Stroke

178 (4.1)

98 (3.3)

80 (5.8)

< 0.001

Peripheral vascular disease

61 (1.4)

46 (1.6)

15 (1.1)

0.241

Cardiometabolic indices

    

AIP

0.12 [-0.09, 0.35]

0.09 [-0.11, 0.31]

0.19 [-0.03, 0.45]

< 0.001

SHR

0.81 [0.67, 0.94]

0.81 [0.67, 0.93]

0.82 [0.65, 0.97]

0.030

TyG index

9.22 [8.72, 9.78]

9.12 [8.66, 9.64]

9.46 [8.91, 10.10]

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

3.06 [1.85, 5.17]

2.80 [1.70, 4.67]

3.87 [2.36, 6.44]

< 0.001

Medications

    

CVD medication

    

ACEI/ARB

406 (9.3)

213 (7.1)

193 (14.0)

< 0.001

Beta blocker

84 (1.9)

57 (1.9)

27 (1.9)

0.999

Statin

836 (19.2)

551 (18.5)

285 (20.7)

0.092

Glucose-lowering therapy

    

Insulin

823 (18.9)

495 (16.6)

328 (23.8)

< 0.001

Metformin

1410 (32.4)

955 (32.0)

455 (33.0)

0.532

SGLT2i

651 (14.9)

390 (13.1)

261 (18.9)

< 0.001

GLP-1RA

170 (3.9)

97 (3.2)

73 (5.3)

0.002

DDP4i

549 (12.6)

381 (12.8)

168 (12.2)

0.625

  1. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or n (%)
  2. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AIP, atherogenic index of plasma; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGB, hemoglobin; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT2i, sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; SHR, stress hyperglycemia ratio; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists; DDP-4i, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor; TyG, triglyceride-glucose
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840