Fig. 4

This figure (created with BioRender.com) provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between DKD and inflammation. Under the stimulation of glucose and fatty acids, various cells within the glomeruli and renal tubules (such as endothelial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, etc.) undergo pathological changes associated with inflammation. These changes involve the activation of inflammation-related transcription factors and downstreampathways, as well as the release of inflammatory factors and cellular senescence. The abbreviations used in the figure are as follows: NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; NLPR3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin 6; and CCL2/CCL5/CCL11, chemokine (CC-motif) ligand 2/5/11.