Table 1 Characteristics and findings of enrolled studies

Toprak et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI within 12 h

58.80 ± 12.45

28.40%

0.64 ± 0.26

NR

AIP significantly increased the risk of no-reflow phenomenon (p < 0.001).

Wang et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with ACS and LDL-C levels below 1.8mmol/L who underwent PCI.

58.6 ± 9.5

14.70%

0.11

Median 26 month

AIP significantly increased the risk of MACCE (p = 0.026) and unplanned revascularization (p = 0.029) but did not significantly increase the risk of all-cause death (p = 0.494), cardiovascular death (p = 0.487), non-fatal MI (p = 0.114), and non-fatal stroke (p = 0.425).

MACE: cardiac death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, and unplanned repeat revascularization.

Liu et al.

Retrospective cohort

Prediabetic patients with unstable angina pectoris

59.47 ± 9.86

30.10%

0.06 ± 0.28

26.3 ± 6.5 month

AIP significantly increased the risk of the MACE (p < 0.001), non-fatal MI (p = 0.009), and refractory angina (p < 0.001) but did not significantly increase the risk of cardiac death (p = 0.460).

MACE: cardiac death, refractory angina, and non-fatal MI.

Erdoğan et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with stable angina pectoris and/or angina-equivalent symptoms with intermediate risk in coronary computed tomography angiography with intermediate chronic coronary syndrome risk

55 [49–62]

42%

0.25 [0.12–0.38]

Median 17 months

AIP did not significantly increase the risk of MACE (p = 0.091).

MACE: non-fatal MI, hospitalization for heart failure, cerebrovascular events, non-cardiac mortality, and cardiac mortality.

Çelik et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with ACS treated with PCI

59.93 ± 12.09

21.50%

0.50 ± 0.31

NR

AIP did not significantly increase the risk of no-reflow phenomenon (p = 0.422).

Alifu et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with chronic coronary syndrome who underwent coronary angiography

63.61 ± 9.64

41.10%

0.15 ± 0.29

Median 35 months

AIP did not significantly increase the risk of MACE (p = 0.119).

MACE: cardiovascular death (deaths derived from heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, acute MI, or other cardiac conditions), Ischemia-driven revascularization, nonfatal MI, heart failure, and nonfatal stroke

Kasapkara et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI

59 [51–67]

19.20%

Non-survivor (53) = 0.59 [0.46–0.83]

Survivors (820) = 0.47 [0.26–0.72]

Median 0.1 months

AIP significantly increased the risk of in hospital mortality (p = 0.012).

Özen et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with ACS who underwent urgent coronary angiography

59 ± 18

24.37%

Median: 0.50

Median 12 months

AIP significantly increased the risk of MACE (p < 0.001).

MACE: cardiac death (death primarily due to acute MI, congestive heart failure, and malignant arrhythmia.), non-fatal MI, target vessel revascularization, congestive heart failure, and nonfatal stroke

Kan et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with ACS who underwent either primary or elective PCI

59.96 ± 10.37

23.30%

24 months

AIP significantly increased the risk of MACE (P < 0.001).

MACE: all-cause mortality, non-fatal ischemic stroke, non-fatal spontaneous myocardial infarction, and unplanned repeat revascularization

Abacıoğlu et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with ACS who underwent PCI

63.3 ± 10.6

30.80%

0.24 ± 0.23

NR

AIP significantly increased the risk of stent thrombosis (p = 0.025).

Shao et al.

Retrospective cohort

Patients with ACS who underwent primary or elective PCI

60.0 ± 10.4

23.49%

0.15 ± 0.27

Median 30.9 months

AIP significantly increased the risk of MACE (p < 0.001).

MACE: all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI, non-fatal ischemic stroke, or unplanned repeat revascularization

Zheng et al.

Prospective cohort

Patients with Non-diabetic CAD who underwent PCI

57.41 ± 10.43

20.66%

0.18 ± 0.26

28 ± 2.3 months

AIP significantly increased the risk of MACE (p = 0.042), cardiac death/MI (p = 0.013), target vessel revascularization (p = 0.042), and MI (p = 0.004) but did not significantly increase the risk of all-cause death (p = 0.169), cardiac death (p = 0.828), and stroke (p = 0.973).

MACE: cardiac death, target vessel revascularization, and non-fatal MI

Refaat et al.

Cross-sectional

Patients with acute STEMI who underwent primary PCI

60.31 ± 11.84

29%

0.58 ± 0.17

NR

AIP significantly increased the risk of no-reflow phenomenon (p = 0.04).

Süleymanoğlu et al.

Retrospective cohort

patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI

58 ± 12

15.07%

0.42 [0.29–0.53]

NR

AIP significantly increased the risk of no-reflow phenomenon (p < 0.001).

Qin et al.

Prospective cohort

Patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent PCI

57.97 ± 9.15

26.23%

0.24 ± 0.31

48 months

AIP significantly increased the risk of MACE (p = 0.011), all-cause death (p = 0.031), cardiac death (p = 0.011), cardiac death/MI (p < 0.001), MI (p = 0.001), Repeat revascularization (p < 0.001), target vessel revascularization (p < 0.001), and non-target vessel revascularization (p = 0.026) but did not significantly increase the risk of stroke (p = 0.694).

MACE: cardiogenic death, MI, repeated revascularization, and stroke.

Ma et al.

Prospective cohort

Patients with type 2 diabetes and ACS who underwent PCI

61 ± 10

27.32%

0.26 ± 0.20

Median 30.9 months

AIP significantly increased MACE (p < 0.001) and secondary endpoint (p = 0.044).

MACE: all-cause mortality, non-fatal spontaneous MI, non-fatal ischemic stroke, and unplanned repeat revascularization.

Secondary endpoint: cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal ischemic stroke