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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

From: Effect of physical activity on incident atrial fibrillation in individuals with varying duration of diabetes: a nationwide population study

 

Total

(n = 2,392,486)

DM duration

p-value

New onset

(n = 704,732)

< 5 years (n = 649,811)

5–9 years (n = 464,870)

≥ 10 years (n = 573,073)

Age, years

      

Mean ± SD

59.3 ± 12.0

53.5 ± 12.3

58.5 ± 11.3

61.8 ± 10.5

65.2 ± 9.8

< 0.001

< 40

5.0

12.0

4.1

1.4

0.5

 

40–64

61.7

70.3

67.0

59.7

46.8

 

≥ 65

33.2

17.6

28.9

38.9

52.7

 

Sex (women)

39.8

30.5

42.7

43.4

44.9

< 0.001

Comorbidities

      

Hypertension

57.9

43.9

58.7

64.9

68.5

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia

56.4

35.3

65.7

65.1

64.6

< 0.001

CKD

9.4

4.5

6.5

10.2

18.2

< 0.001

Proteinuria

6.9

5.3

5.5

6.5

10.8

< 0.001

Heart failure

3.0

1.4

3.2

3.4

4.5

< 0.001

Prior MI

5.2

2.7

4.6

6.2

8.1

< 0.001

Prior stroke

12.2

5.6

10.2

14.5

20.5

< 0.001

PAD

17.6

7.8

16.8

21.7

27.0

< 0.001

Social history

      

Smoking

     

< 0.001

Non-smoker

54.8

46.5

55.5

57.8

61.8

 

Ex-smoker

22.3

22.6

22.0

22.3

22.2

 

Current smoker

22.9

30.9

22.4

19.9

16.0

 

Alcohol consumption

     

< 0.001

Non-drinker

57.3

42.3

59.4

62.9

69.0

 

Mild to moderate (0–30 g/day)

33.5

44.3

31.9

29.5

25.1

 

Heavy (≥ 30 g/day)

9.2

13.4

8.7

7.7

5.9

 

Regular physical activity 1a

21.7

20.4

20.9

22.3

23.7

< 0.001

Regular physical activity 2b

50.3

54.7

49.7

48.8

46.9

< 0.001

METs-min/week

643.0 ± 638.0

637.4 ± 612.0

626.8 ± 626.7

646.5 ± 647.3

665.3 ± 672.9

< 0.001

Low income

21.6

20.7

22.0

22.8

21.2

< 0.001

Medication

      

OHA ≥ 3

24.3

0.0

18.4

35.3

51.8

< 0.001

Insulin usage

8.4

0.0

6.8

8.3

20.6

< 0.001

DM duration (years)

5.3 ± 5.1

-

2.0 ± 1.6

7.4 ± 1.5

12.7 ± 1.3

< 0.001

Health examination

      

BMI (kg/m2)

25.3 ± 3.5

25.6 ± 3.7

25.8 ± 3.6

25.3 ± 3.4

24.6 ± 3.2

< 0.001

Obesity

51.1

54.4

56.3

50.7

41.6

< 0.001

WC (cm)

86.1 ± 9.0

86.1 ± 9.2

86.8 ± 9.1

86.2 ± 8.8

85.3 ± 8.6

< 0.001

Abdominal Obesity

40.9

38.9

44.6

42.2

38.2

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

128.5 ± 15.0

129.5 ± 15.3

127.7 ± 14.6

128.0 ± 14.8

128.6 ± 15.3

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

78.1 ± 9.9

80.3 ± 10.3

78.4 ± 9.7

77.3 ± 9.4

75.8 ± 9.6

< 0.001

Laboratory results

      

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

89.6 ± 53.0

93.7 ± 60.1

91.8 ± 51.4

88.6 ± 49.7

82.8 ± 47.3

< 0.001

Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)

145.0 ± 45.9

151.7 ± 39.3

138.2 ± 46.5

140.7 ± 45.3

147.7 ± 51.4

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

185.9 ± 43.7

207.5 ± 41.9

184.7 ± 43.3

174.7 ± 39.3

169.8 ± 38.8

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

51.0 ± 14.7

52.6 ± 16.3

50.7 ± 14.1

50.4 ± 13.7

49.9 ± 14.0

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

103.6 ± 38.5

119.8 ± 38.3

102.6 ± 38.4

94.9 ± 35.0

92.0 ± 34.3

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)c

138.3(138.2–138.4)

156.7(156.5–157.0)

139.6 (139.4–139.8)

130.6 (130.4–130.8)

122.9 (122.7–123.1)

< 0.001

  1. Categorical variables were presented as a percentage and continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation
  2. Abbreviation CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial infarction; OHA, oral antihyperglycemic agents; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference
  3. aPerforming a moderate physical activity more than 30 min at least 5 times per week or strenuous physical activity more than 20 min at least 3 times per week
  4. bPerforming a moderate physical activity more than 30 min at least 1 time per week or strenuous physical activity more than 20 min at least 1 time per week
  5. cTG was presented as geometric mean (95% confidence interval)
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840