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Table 2 Demographic, clinical, and metabolic characteristics of the study population according to IR phenotype

From: Hepatic insulin resistance and muscle insulin resistance are characterized by distinct postprandial plasma metabolite profiles: a cross-sectional study

 

Muscle IR (n = 131)

Liver IR (n = 83)

p

Age, years

60 ± 8

59 ± 7

0.33

Women, n (%)

84 (64.1%)

46 (55.4%)

0.25

BMI, kg/m2

29.6 ± 3.3

30.7 ± 3.8

0.033

Waist circumference, cm

101.0 ± 8.8

103.8 ± 10.8

0.034

Body composition

   

 Body fat, %

38.3 ± 7.5

37.0 ± 7.0

0.20

 Android fat, %

10.2 ± 1.8

10.2 ± 1.7

0.90

 Gynoid fat, %

15.9 ± 2.1

15.7 ± 2.0

0.44

 VAT, La

5.4 ± 2.2

6.1 ± 2.1

0.12

 VAT, cm2 b

163 [119, 226]

176 [135, 200]

0.49

 Liver fat, %a

4.9 [2.6, 9.9]

5.7 [3.3, 14.8]

0.29

 Liver fat, %b

4.2 [1.4, 8.2]

2.4 [1.0, 5.2]

0.06

Glucose homeostasis

   

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

5.3 [5.0, 5.6]

5.5 [5.1, 5.8]

0.014

 OGTT 2-h glucose, mmol/L

6.5 [5.4, 7.7]

5.7 [4.8, 6.9]

0.002

 Fasting insulin, pmol/L

44.7 [37.2, 60.1]

50.5 [41.0, 69.3]

0.012

 OGTT 2-h insulin, pmol/L

403.3 [264.5, 585.6]

309.5 [192.8, 571.6]

0.017

 HOMA-IR, AU

1.7 [1.3, 2.1]

1.9 [1.3, 2.5]

0.08

 HOMA-β, AU

76.4 [62.5, 96.1]

82.4 [64.5, 98.8]

0.54

 Matsuda index, AU

4.8 [3.5, 6.7]

4.2 [3.0, 6.5]

0.18

 Adipo-IR, AU

21.7 [15.0, 30.0]

23.7 [16.1, 39.4]

0.14

 MISI, AU

0.096 [0.068, 0.130]

0.135 [0.104, 0.183]

 < 0.001

 HIRI, AU

356 [284, 432]

601 [467, 716]

 < 0.001

Glucose status, n (%)

  

0.25

 NGT

101 (77.1%)

65 (78.3%)

 

 IGT

18 (13.7%)

6 (7.2%)

 

 IFG

2 (1.5%)

5 (6.0%)

 

 IGT + IFG

8 (6.1%)

5 (6.0%)

 

 T2DM

2 (1.5%)

2 (2.4%)

 

Cardiometabolic parameters

   

 Fasting serum TAG, mmol/L

1.3 [1.0, 1.7]

1.5 [1.0, 1.9]

0.22

 Fasting hypertriglyceridemia, n (%)

37 (28.2%)

30 (36.1%)

0.29

 Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

1.3 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

0.34

 Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.4 ± 1.0

5.5 ± 1.0

0.39

 Fasting plasma NEFA, mmol/L

0.50 ± 0.17

0.48 ± 0.16

0.42

 Plasma CRP, mg/L

1.4 [0.6, 2.5]

1.0 [0.5, 2.1]

0.045

Medical history

   

 Medication use, n (%)

   

  Antidepressants

7 (5.3%)

6 (7.2%)

0.57

  Antihypertensives

24 (18.3%)

10 (12.0%)

0.25

  Anti-inflammatory

15 (11.5%)

4 (4.8%)

0.14

  Other

41 (31.3%)

24 (28.9%)

0.76

 Family history of DM, n (%)

29 (22.1%)

18 (21.7%)

1.00

Lifestyle factors

   

 DHD2015-index, score

85.7 ± 15.4

81.3 ± 15.1

0.044

 Habitual fat intake, en%

37.3 ± 5.5

37.2 ± 6.5

0.87

 Habitual SFA intake, en%

13.6 ± 2.5

13.9 ± 3.1

0.48

 Habitual sugar intake, en%

19.8 ± 5.1

19.2 ± 6.7

0.44

 Habitual alcohol consumption, g

5.0 [1.7, 10.3]

6.1 [1.1, 14.7]

0.47

 Habitual physical activity, Baecke score

8.2 ± 1.1

8.4 ± 1.3

0.35

  1. Differences between IR phenotypes were assessed using independent t-test for normally distributed numerical data (mean ± SD), Mann–Whitney test for non-normally distributed numerical data (median [25th percentile, 75th percentile], and using Fisher’s exact test for categorical data (n [%]). P-values < 0.05 are highlighted in bold
  2. BMI body mass index, VAT visceral adipose tissue, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-β homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function, Adipo-IR adipose tissue insulin resistance, MISI muscle insulin sensitivity index, HIRI hepatic insulin resistance index, NGT normal glucose tolerant, IGT impaired glucose tolerance, IFG impaired fasting glucose, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, TAG triacylglycerol, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, CRP C-reactive protein, DHD2015-index Dutch Healthy Diet 2015 index, SFA saturated fatty acids
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840