Table 6 Baseline characteristics of FDS2 participants with type 2 diabetes by all-cause mortality at end of follow-up

N

668 (80.5)

162 (19.5)

CAN group (%)

 None

54.6

35.8

 Possible

33.4

35.2

 Definite

12.0

29.0

MCR (n = 830)

21.5 [12.9–33.9]

11.8 [6.8–23.7]

E:I ratio (n = 830)

1.13 [1.08–1.19]

1.11 [1.06–1.15]

Valsalva ratio (n = 809)

1.47 [1.31–1.68]

1.37 [1.22–1.51]

30:15 Stand ratio (n = 829)

1.15 [1.09–1.23]

1.12 [1.05–1.18]

Orthostatic hypotension (%)

12.6

8.7

Age (years)

60.9 ± 10.2

68.0 ± 9.7

Male (%)

54.3

63.0

Education beyond primary level (%)

93.3

90.1

Not fluent in English (%)

6.9

6.2

Ethnic background (%)

 Anglo-Celt

51.2

59.9

 Southern European

11.4

8.0

 Other European

8.4

4.3

 Asian

5.1

1.9

 Aboriginal/TSI

7.6

8.6

 Mixed/other

16.3

17.3

Smoking status (%)

 Never

53.1

48.1

 Ex-

35.6

41.8

 Current

11.3

10.1

Alcohol consumption (standard drinks^a/day)

0.3 [0–1.2]

0.1 [0–1.5]

Antidepressant use (%)

13.5

19.8

 TCAs

2.8

4.9

 SSRIs

7.9

8.0

Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)

52.2 ± 11.0

55.8 ± 12.8

Diabetes duration (years)

6.5 [3.0–14.0]

11.0 [4.5–17.1]

Diabetes treatment (%)

 Diet/exercise

23.6

21.3

 Oral agents ± non-insulin injectables

55.2

50.0

 Insulin alone

3.8

4.4

 Insulin ± oral agents ± non-insulin injectables

17.4

24.4

HbA_1c (%)

6.9 [6.3–7.8]

6.8 [6.3–7.7]

HbA_1c (mmol/mol)

52 [45–62]

51 [45–61]

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

7.4 [6.4–9.2]

7.5 [6.2–9.0]

ABSI (m^11/6 kg^−2/3)

0.081 ± 0.005

0.082 ± 0.005

BMI (kg/m²)

32.1 ± 6.2

31.3 ± 6.5

Pulse rate (bpm)

70 ± 11

70 ± 12

Supine SBP (mmHg)

142 ± 20

145 ± 20

Supine DBP (mmHg)

81 ± 12

79 ± 12

On BP-lowering medication (%)

67.5

80.2

 ACE-I

33.2

37.0

 ARB

31.1

44.4

 Beta-blockers

15.0

27.2

 Calcium channel blockers

20.7

32.1

 Diuretics

23.8

34.6

Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 1.0

4.3 ± 1.5

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.19 ± 0.30

1.19 ± 0.34

Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.5 (0.9–2.6)

1.5 (0.9–2.6)

On lipid-lowering medication (%)

67.2

71.0

Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)

2.5 (0.7–9.3)

3.9 (1.0–15.2)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

eGFR (CKD-EPI) stages (ml/min/1.73m²)

 ≥ 90

46.8

25.9

 60–89

45.2

47.5

 45–59

5.3

13.6

 30–44

2.1

7.4

 < 30

0.6

5.6

Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (%)

29.8

44.1

Peripheral arterial disease (%)

17.7

30.9

Prior hospitalisation for IHD (%)

16.8

35.8

Prior hospitalisation for cerebrovascular disease (%)

3.4

11.7

Prior hospitalisation for HF (%)

2.5

10.5