Fig. 2

Effect of Empagliflozin treatment on metabolic parameters and functional recovery after stroke. Effect of 8 months of HFD on weight (a), insulin sensitivity shown as plotted curve (b) and area under the curve (c), serum insulin levels (d) and fasting glycemia (e). Forepaw grip strength after stroke shown as plotted curve (f) and area under the curve (g). Ischemic stroke volume (h). Body weight during stroke recovery (i). Insulin sensitivity, shown as plotted curve (j) and area under the curve (k), serum insulin (l) and fasting glycemia (m) at 2 weeks after stroke. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli multiple comparisons test for insulin tolerance tests, forepaw grip strength and post-stroke body weight (b, f, i, j), Welch’s t-test for weight, area under the curve for ITT, plasma insulin and fasting glycemia before stroke (a, c–e) Brown-Forsythe and Welch’s one-way ANOVA followed by Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli multiple comparisons test for post-stroke area under the curve of grip and ITT, stroke volume, plasma insulin and fasting glycemia (g, h, k–m). Results were considered significant if p < 0.05. *denotes a significant difference between non-T2D and T2D-VH, °denotes a significant difference between non-T2D and T2D-E, ^$denotes a significant difference between T2D-VH and T2D-E. * and ^$denote p < 0.05, ** and ^$$denote p < 0.01, ***, °°° and ^$$$denote p < 0.001, **** and °°°°denote p < 0.0001. Sample size: a non-T2D n = 20, T2D n = 30; b, c n = 5 in both non-T2D and T2D; d non-T2D n = 6, T2D n = 9; e n = 15 in both non-T2D and T2D; f, g non-T2D n = 12, T2D-VH n = 12, T2D-E n = 10; h non-T2D n = 9, T2D-VH n = 10, T2D-E n = 9; i non-T2D n = 12, T2D-VH n = 12, T2D-E n = 13; j, k non-T2D n = 8, T2D-VH n = 8, T2D-E = 9; l non-T2D n = 5, T2D-VH n = 5, T2D-E n = 5; m non-T2D n = 8, T2D-VH n = 8, T2D-E n = 9