Table 1 Baseline characteristicsa stratified by diabetes support and education (DSE) and intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) treatment group and Hp phenotype in the Look AHEAD Study
| Â | Non-Hp2-2 phenotypes | Hp2-2 phenotype | Â | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 2952) | DSE (n = 1478) | ILI (n = 1474) | P-value | All (n = 1590) | DSE (n = 767) | ILI (n = 823) | P-value | Overall P-value** | |
Characteristic | |||||||||
 Age, years | 58.9 ± 6.8 | 59.2 ± 6.8 | 58.7 ± 6.7 | 0.09 | 58.8 ± 6.7 | 58.8 ± 6.7 | 58.8 ± 6.7 | 0.91 | 0.51 |
 Female sex, n (%) | 1773 (60.1) | 878 (59.4) | 895 (60.7) | 0.47 | 906 (57.0) | 448 (58.4) | 458 (55.7) | 0.27 | 0.04 |
Race, n (%) |  |  |  | 0.96 |  |  |  | 0.63 |  < 0.01 |
 Black | 583 (19.8) | 301 (20.4) | 282 (19.1) |  | 167 (10.5) | 73 (9.5) | 94 (11.4) |  |  |
 Native American | 13 (0.4) | 6 (0.4) | 7 (0.5) |  | 10 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 6 (0.7) |  |  |
 Asian or Pacific islander | 22 (0.8) | 10 (0.7) | 12 (0.8) |  | 23 (1.5) | 9 (1.2) | 14 (1.7) |  |  |
 White | 1833 (62.1) | 914 (61.8) | 919 (62.4) |  | 1197 (75.3) | 584 (76.1) | 613 (74.5) |  |  |
 Hispanic | 431 (14.6) | 214 (14.5) | 217 (14.7) |  | 165 (10.4) | 81 (10.6) | 84 (10.2) |  |  |
 Unspecified | 69 (2.3) | 33 (2.2) | 36 (2.4) |  | 28 (1.8) | 16 (2.1) | 12 (1.5) |  |  |
Education, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.31 | Â | Â | Â | 0.71 | 0.02 |
 High-school or less | 579 (19.6) | 283 (19.2) | 296 (20.1) |  | 263 (16.5) | 125 (16.3) | 138 (16.8) |  |  |
 Some college | 856 (29.0) | 434 (29.4) | 442 (28.7) |  | 443 (27.9) | 212 (27.6) | 231 (28.1) |  |  |
 College graduate | 889 (30.1) | 451 (30.5) | 438 (29.8) |  | 511 (32.1) | 242 (31.6) | 269 (32.7) |  |  |
 Graduate school | 559 (19.0) | 269 (18.2) | 290 (19.7) |  | 343 (21.6) | 170 (22.2) | 173 (21.0) |  |  |
 Other | 67 (2.3) | 41 (2.8) | 26 (1.8) |  | 30 (1.9) | 18 (2.4) | 12 (1.5) |  |  |
 History of CVD, n (%) | 408 (13.8) | 205 (13.9) | 203 (13.8) | 0.94 | 213 (13.4) | 89 (11.6) | 124 (15.1) | 0.04 | 0.69 |
 Current smoking, n (%) | 117 (4.0) | 54 (3.7) | 63 (4.3) | 0.39 | 62 (3.9) | 29 (3.8) | 33 (4.0) | 0.82 | 0.91 |
Income in last year, n (%) |  |  |  | 0.83 |  |  |  | 0.37 |  < 0.01 |
  < $20,000 | 318 (10.8) | 155 (10.5) | 163 (11.1) |  | 126 (7.9) | 64 (8.3) | 62 (7.5) |  |  |
 $20,000–$39,999 | 570 (19.3) | 294 (19.9) | 276 (18.7) |  | 289 (18.2) | 130 (17.0) | 159 (19.3) |  |  |
 $40,000–59,999 | 554 (18.8) | 271 (18.3) | 283 (19.2) |  | 296 (18.6) | 144 (18.8) | 152 (18.5) |  |  |
 $60,000–$79,999 | 453 (15.4) | 219 (14.8) | 234 (15.9) |  | 231 (14.5) | 115 (15.0) | 116 (14.1) |  |  |
 ≥ $80,000 | 765 (25.9) | 387 (26.2) | 378 (25.6) |  | 497 (31.3) | 251 (32.7) | 246 (29.9) |  |  |
 Missing | 292 (9.9) | 152 (10.3) | 140 (9.5) |  | 151 (9.5) | 63 (8.2) | 88 (10.7) |  |  |
Medications, n (%) | |||||||||
 Insulin | 442 (15.5) | 230 (16.1) | 212 (14.9) | 0.38 | 239 (15.57) | 110 (15.0) | 129 (16.1) | 0.58 | 0.94 |
 Metformin | 1548 (53.6) | 755 (52.2) | 793 (55.0) | 0.13 | 867 (55.5) | 427 (57.1) | 440 (54.0) | 0.21 | 0.22 |
 Sulfonylurea | 1342 (46.7) | 681 (47.1) | 661 (46.2) | 0.63 | 702 (45.4) | 326 (44.2) | 376 (46.4) | 0.38 | 0.41 |
 Thiazolidinedione | 795 (27.7) | 405 (28.1) | 390 (27.2) | 0.62 | 416 (27.1) | 212 (29.0) | 204 (25.4) | 0.11 | 0.71 |
 Any diabetes medication | 2544 (87.0) | 1269 (86.6) | 1275 (87.3) | 0.57 | 1357 (86.1) | 651 (86.0) | 706 (86.2) | 0.91 | 0.41 |
 Beta-blocker | 640 (21.7) | 316 (21.4) | 324 (22.0) | 0.69 | 369 (23.2) | 161(21.0) | 208 (25.3) | 0.04 | 0.24 |
 ACE inhibitor | 1261 (43.7) | 647 (44.7) | 614 (42.6) | 0.26 | 694 (45.0) | 331 (45.2) | 363 (44.8) | 0.87 | 0.40 |
 Angiotensin receptor blocker | 465 (16.3) | 224 (15.6) | 241 (16.9) | 0.35 | 262 (17.1) | 122 (16.7) | 140 (17.4) | 0.74 | 0.49 |
 Diuretic | 949 (33.0) | 496 (34.4) | 453 (31.7) | 0.12 | 471 (30.5) | 197 (26.9) | 274 (33.8) |  < 0.01 | 0.09 |
 Any anti-hypertensive medication | 2127 (72.9) | 1066 (73.0) | 1061 (72.8) | 0.93 | 1148 (73.6) | 540 (72.8) | 608 (74.3) | 0.49 | 0.62 |
 Statins | 1285 (44.5) | 632 (43.5) | 653 (45.5) | 0.27 | 763 (49.1) | 363 (49.1) | 400 (49.1) | 0.99 |  < 0.01 |
 Any lipid-lowing medication | 1426 (49.3) | 701 (48.2) | 725 (50.5) | 0.22 | 841 (54.1) | 404 (54.6) | 437 (53.6) | 0.7 |  < 0.01 |
 Anti-depressant | 476 (16.6) | 205 (14.3) | 271 (19.0) |  < 0.01 | 286 (18.6) | 136 (18.6) | 150 (18.6) | 0.99 | 0.10 |
 Weight, kg | 100.9 ± 19.3 | 101.5 ± 19.2 | 100.3 ± 19.5 | 0.09 | 101.5 ± 19.2 | 100.5 ± 18.4 | 102.3 ± 19.8 | 0.06 | 0.32 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 36.0 ± 5.9 | 36.1 ± 5.8 | 35.9 ± 6.0 | 0.21 | 35.9 ± 5.8 | 35.8 ± 5.7 | 36.0 ± 6.0 | 0.42 | 0.57 |
 Waist circumference, cm | 113.8 ± 14.2 | 114.2 ± 14.0 | 113.5 ± 14.4 | 0.21 | 114.0 ± 13.7 | 113.6 ± 12.9 | 114.3 ± 14.5 | 0.33 | 0.75 |
Glycated hemoglobin | |||||||||
 Mean | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 0.90 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.43 |
 Median (IQR) | 7.0 (6.5–7.8) | 7.1 (6.5–7.8) | 7.0 (6.4–7.9) |  | 7.0 (6.4–7.8) | 7.0 (6.4–7.8) | 7.0 (6.4–7.8) |  |  |
Blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||||
 Systolic | 129.4 ± 17.3 | 130.1 ± 17.2 | 128.6 ± 17.3 | 0.01 | 128.8 ± 17.0 | 129.1 ± 16.7 | 128.5 ± 17.3 | 0.43 | 0.27 |
 Diastolic | 70.2 ± 9.7 | 70.5 ± 9.7 | 69.8 ± 9.6 | 0.04 | 70.3 ± 9.5 | 70.4 ± 9.6 | 70.3 ± 9.3 | 0.91 | 0.59 |
 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 42.7 ± 11.9 | 43.5 ± 11.7 | 43.9 ± 12.2 | 0.32 | 43.3 ± 11.7 | 43.8 ± 12.1 | 42.8 ± 11.4 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
 LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 112.7 ± 32.6 | 112.0 ± 32.4 | 113.3 ± 32.8 | 0.28 | 111.7 ± 31.3 | 112.9 ± 31.6 | 110.6 ± 31.0 | 0.14 | 0.33 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | Â | Â | Â | 0.15 | Â | Â | Â | 0.18 | 0.04 |
 Median (IQR) | 152 (105–219) | 152 (105–217) | 151 (106–120) |  | 157 (111–223) | 151 (109–221) | 162 (113–225) |  |  |