Table 1 Baseline information

SHR

0.85 ± 0.20

0.66 ± 0.06

0.77 ± 0.02

0.87 ± 0.03

1.14 ± 0.25

< 0.001

< 0.001

Demographics and medical history

Age, years

75.50 ± 7.44

75.82 ± 7.56

76.52 ± 6.84

74.89 ± 7.09

74.76 ± 8.14

0.143

0.081

Male, %

340 (58.42%)

83 (56.85%)

84 (57.93%)

80 (54.79%)

93 (64.14%)

0.407

0.307

BMI*, kg/m²

23.59 ± 3.65

23.54 ± 3.93

23.71 ± 3.51

23.86 ± 3.33

23.23 ± 3.80

0.496

0.568

EuroSCORE II*, %

2.96 (1.85–5.12)

3.19 (1.94–5.43)

2.48 (1.79–3.70)

2.82 (1.73–4.40)

3.76 (2.20–6.59)

< 0.001

0.004

NYHA class ≥ III, %

436 (74.91%)

116 (79.45%)

102 (70.34%)

107 (73.29%)

111 (76.55%)

0.305

0.740

Smoking status, %

0.062

0.292

 Never

352 (60.48%)

79 (54.11%)

89 (61.38%)

101 (69.18%)

83 (57.24%)

 Ex-smoker

175 (30.07%)

53 (36.30%)

37 (25.52%)

35 (23.97%)

50 (34.48%)

 Current

55 (9.45%)

14 (9.59%)

19 (13.10%)

10 (6.85%)

12 (8.28%)

Hypertension, %

364 (62.54%)

94 (64.38%)

95 (65.52%)

86 (58.90%)

89 (61.38%)

0.644

0.384

Hyperlipemia, %

362 (62.20%)

87 (59.59%)

96 (66.21%)

89 (60.96%)

90 (62.07%)

0.680

0.901

Coronary heart disease, %

251 (43.13%)

62 (42.47%)

66 (45.52%)

57 (39.04%)

66 (45.52%)

0.638

0.885

Previous myocardial infarction, %

46 (7.90%)

13 (8.90%)

10 (6.90%)

9 (6.16%)

14 (9.66%)

0.655

0.882

Previous coronary revascularization, %

96 (16.49%)

25 (17.12%)

21 (14.48%)

25 (17.12%)

25 (17.24%)

0.904

0.829

Chronic heart failure, %

225 (38.66%)

63 (43.15%)

57 (39.31%)

52 (35.62%)

53 (36.55%)

0.550

0.193

Atrial fibrillation, %

98 (16.84%)

22 (15.07%)

24 (16.55%)

30 (20.55%)

22 (15.17%)

0.561

0.754

Peripheral arterial disease, %

92 (15.81%)

23 (15.75%)

20 (13.79%)

23 (15.75%)

26 (17.93%)

0.817

0.532

Previous valvular intervention, %

14 (2.41%)

4 (2.74%)

2 (1.38%)

2 (1.37%)

6 (4.14%)

0.356

0.465

Previous stroke, %

71 (12.20%)

19 (13.01%)

20 (13.79%)

16 (10.96%)

16 (11.03%)

0.843

0.470

COPD, %

61 (10.48%)

18 (12.33%)

13 (8.97%)

12 (8.22%)

18 (12.41%)

0.520

0.962

Chronic kidney disease, %

50 (8.59%)

21 (14.38%)

9 (6.21%)

7 (4.79%)

13 (8.97%)

0.019

0.087

Diabetes mellitus, %

192 (32.99%)

61 (41.78%)

37 (25.52%)

36 (24.66%)

58 (40.00%)

< 0.001

0.713

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

128.32 ± 21.54

127.27 ± 22.58

131.57 ± 21.39

130.71 ± 21.31

123.73 ± 20.12

0.007

0.154

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

69.46 ± 12.30

68.34 ± 11.82

70.86 ± 11.68

71.06 ± 14.23

67.55 ± 10.96

0.028

0.641

Heart rate, beats/min

75.18 ± 12.75

74.56 ± 12.79

74.59 ± 12.84

74.95 ± 13.32

76.63 ± 12.04

0.461

0.165

Hemoglobin, g/L

127.94 ± 18.45

123.67 ± 17.78

128.25 ± 18.79

131.00 ± 15.87

128.85 ± 20.48

0.006

0.007

Platelet, 10⁹/L

191.09 ± 60.34

186.98 ± 64.69

190.28 ± 57.98

185.75 ± 53.29

201.43 ± 64.02

0.106

0.083

Albumin, g/L

40.18 ± 4.03

39.03 ± 3.79

40.11 ± 3.81

41.11 ± 3.90

40.49 ± 4.36

< 0.001

< 0.001

Uric acid, µmol/L

413.19 ± 138.37

417.36 ± 124.84

397.76 ± 112.44

394.94 ± 136.51

442.81 ± 169.32

0.011

0.155

ABG, mmol/L

6.26 ± 1.99

5.18 ± 1.02

5.55 ± 0.95

6.04 ± 1.23

8.29 ± 2.58

< 0.001

< 0.001

HbA_1C, %

6.25 ± 0.95

6.60 ± 1.05

6.17 ± 0.78

6.02 ± 0.88

6.21 ± 0.97

< 0.001

< 0.001

HbA_1C, mmol/mol

44.79 ± 10.34

48.66 ± 11.49

43.89 ± 8.51

42.25 ± 9.57

44.35 ± 10.55

< 0.001

< 0.001

eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²

62.99 ± 17.90

61.10 ± 19.73

63.77 ± 15.88

64.83 ± 17.42

62.24 ± 18.30

0.296

0.497

Hs-CRP*, mg/L

1.71 (0.98–4.46)

1.77 (1.00–4.54)

1.67 (1.00–3.81)

1.64 (0.87–3.81)

1.80 (0.89–5.73)

0.599

0.307

Lipoprotein (a)*, mg/L

203.00 (82.68–497.50)

218.31 (86.58–426.74)

154.90 (83.90–583.43)

210.50 (69.74–522.60)

206.00 (85.60–489.46)

0.980

0.453

Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.30 ± 0.84

1.25 ± 0.88

1.37 ± 1.15

1.26 ± 0.57

1.34 ± 0.65

0.516

0.580

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.23 ± 1.11

4.20 ± 0.99

4.36 ± 1.27

4.35 ± 1.09

4.00 ± 1.04

0.017

0.131

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.54 ± 0.96

2.57 ± 0.87

2.63 ± 1.17

2.63 ± 0.93

2.35 ± 0.81

0.040

0.060

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.25 ± 0.38

1.22 ± 0.36

1.29 ± 0.38

1.30 ± 0.38

1.20 ± 0.39

0.047

0.598

NT-proBNP*, pg/mL

2071.50 (837.85–5385.25)

2084.00 (978.00–5466.75)

1700.40 (883.90–3374.00)

1717.00 (626.30–4417.75)

3315.10 (1170.00–6817.00)

0.002

0.085

cTnI ratio*

0.74 (0.38–1.50)

0.76 (0.44–1.32)

0.74 (0.32–1.52)

0.65 (0.31–1.31)

0.82 (0.49–2.21)

0.076

0.082

LVEF, %

54.96 ± 13.78

54.04 ± 14.95

57.14 ± 11.97

56.99 ± 13.09

51.66 ± 14.30

0.001

0.158

Left atrial diameter, mm

41.93 ± 6.26

42.12 ± 6.34

41.47 ± 5.44

41.03 ± 6.78

43.10 ± 6.28

0.029

0.699

Left ventricular diastolic diameter, mm

51.61 ± 8.18

52.30 ± 9.03

51.08 ± 6.63

50.81 ± 8.23

52.25 ± 8.58

0.267

0.538

Moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation, %

122 (20.96%)

30 (20.55%)

24 (16.55%)

32 (21.92%)

36 (24.83%)

0.376

0.229

Insulin

39 (27.66%)

13 (34.21%)

6 (25.00%)

4 (15.38%)

16 (30.19%)

Periprocedural condition

Hospital stay before TAVR, days

5.00 (3.00–7.75)

5.00 (3.00–8.00)

5.00 (3.00–7.00)

4.00 (2.00–7.00)

4.00 (2.00–7.00)

0.007

0.120

Bioprosthetic heart valve, %

0.676

0.222

 Self-expanding valve

541 (92.96%)

133 (91.10%)

134 (92.41%)

137 (93.84%)

137 (94.48%)

 Balloon-expandable valve

41 (7.04%)

13 (8.90%)

11 (7.59%)

9 (6.16%)

8 (5.52%)

Access, %

0.072

0.298

 Femoral

561 (96.39%)

140 (95.89%)

139 (95.86%)

139 (95.21%)

143 (98.62%)

 Carotid

13 (2.23%)

6 (4.11%)

4 (2.76%)

2 (1.37%)

1 (0.69%)

 Aortic

8 (1.37%)

0 (0.00%)

2 (1.38%)

5 (3.42%)

1 (0.69%)

Anesthesia, %

0.266

0.085

 Local/conscious sedation

348 (59.79%)

96 (65.75%)

85 (58.62%)

88 (60.27%)

79 (54.48%)

 General anesthesia

234 (40.21%)

50 (34.25%)

60 (41.38%)

58 (39.73%)

66 (45.52%)

Second valve implantation, %

66 (11.34%)

15 (10.27%)

15 (10.34%)

13 (8.90%)

23 (15.86%)

0.249

0.194

Pre-dilatation*, %

541 (92.96%)

130 (89.66%)

132 (91.03%)

141 (96.58%)

137 (94.48%)

0.084

0.054

Post-dilatation*, %

102 (17.53%)

18 (12.41%)

19 (13.10%)

36 (24.66%)

29 (20.00%)

0.016

0.010

Concomitant percutaneous coronary intervention, %

91 (15.64%)

22 (15.07%)

20 (13.79%)

19 (13.01%)

30 (20.69%)

0.264

0.234

Post-procedure mean gradient*, mmHg

12.34 ± 5.72

12.60 ± 6.74

12.13 ± 5.13

13.14 ± 5.76

12.19 ± 6.27

0.505

0.944

Moderate-to-severe perivalvular leakage*, %

16 (2.75%)

3 (2.11%)

2 (1.42%)

4 (2.78%)

7 (4.83%)

0.305

0.194

Permanent pace maker implantation, %

43 (7.39%)

16 (10.96%)

10 (6.90%)

11 (7.53%)

6 (4.14%)

0.171

0.041

Medication

ACEI/ARB, %

118 (20.27%)

31 (21.23%)

30 (20.69%)

31 (21.23%)

26 (17.93%)

0.879

0.531

β-blocker, %

410 (70.45%)

100 (68.49%)

98 (67.59%)

104 (71.23%)

108 (74.48%)

0.569

0.202

Aspirin, %

433 (74.40%)

100 (68.49%)

108 (74.48%)

116 (79.45%)

109 (75.17%)

0.197

0.121

P2Y12 inhibitor, %

471 (80.93%)

119 (81.51%)

119 (82.07%)

118 (80.82%)

115 (79.31%)

0.940

0.592

Anticoagulant, %

49 (8.42%)

13 (8.90%)

11 (7.59%)

16 (10.96%)

9 (6.21%)

0.509

0.892

Statin, %

439 (75.43%)

105 (71.92%)

115 (79.31%)

112 (76.71%)

107 (73.79%)

0.923

0.477

Glucose-lowering therapy, %

0.625

0.491

 Diet control

11 (7.80%)

3 (7.89%)

2 (8.33%)

1 (3.85%)

5 (9.43%)

 Oral hypoglycemic drugs

91 (64.54%)

22 (57.89%)

16 (66.67%)

21 (80.77%)

32 (60.38%)