Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics

Age, years

62 ± 11

63 ± 11

63 ± 10

59 ± 11^**‡‡

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

386 (67.8)

129 (66.8)

130 (68.4)

127 (68.3)

0.935

BMI, kg/m²

25.70 ± 3.29

24.71 ± 3.04

25.91 ± 3.04^**

26.52 ± 3.54^**

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

138 ± 19

137 ± 18

139 ± 20

139 ± 21

0.469

DBP, mmHg

85 ± 13

84 ± 13

85 ± 13

88 ± 14^*

0.017

HR, bpm

76 ± 12

75 ± 13

75 ± 11

78 ± 12

0.027

Smoking, n(%)

215 (37.8)

66 (34.2)

73 (38.4)

76 (40.9)

0.399

Hypertension, n(%)

353 (62.0)

110 (57.0)

124 (65.3)

119 (64.0)

0.200

Glucose metabolism state, n(%)

< 0.001

 Normoglycemia

241 (42.4)

120 (62.2)

74 (38.9)^*

47 (25.3)^*‡

 Pre-diabetes mellitus

88 (15.5)

32 (16.6)

33 (17.4)^*

23 (12.4)^*‡

 Diabetes mellitus

240 (42.2)

41 (21.2)

83 (43.7)^*

116 (62.4)^*‡

Serum biomarkers

 eGFR, mL/(min×1.73m²)

84.84 ± 16.96

84.12 ± 15.92

83.51 ± 17.50

86.94 ± 17.35

0.113

 FPG, mmol/L

6.20 ± 2.54

5.05 ± 1.36

5.77 ± 1.70^**

7.83 ± 3.27^**‡‡

< 0.001

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

158.82 ± 40.83

146.07 ± 33.87

159.93 ± 41.55^**

170.93 ± 42.97^**‡

< 0.001

 HDL-C, mg/dL

41.79 ± 10.67

45.07 ± 10.49

42.04 ± 11.01^*

38.13 ± 9.32^**‡‡

< 0.001

 LDL-C, mg/dL

95.94 ± 34.49

87.59 ± 29.70

100.16 ± 37.34^**

100.29 ± 34.66^**

< 0.001

 Triglyceride, mg/dL

141.26 ± 75.72

89.94 ± 33.34

131.02 ± 30.35^**

206.74 ± 92.38^**‡‡

< 0.001

Medications, n(%)

 Antiplatelets

145 (25.5)

51 (26.4)

48 (25.3)

46 (24.7)

0.928

 Statins

149 (26.2)

56 (29.0)

48 (25.3)

45 (24.2)

0.531

 ACEIs/ARBs

114 (20.0)

37 (19.2)

37 (19.5)

40 (21.5)

0.828

 Beta-blockers

91 (16.0)

27 (14.0)

35 (18.4)

29 (15.6)

0.489

 Antidiabetic drugs

95 (16.7)

18 (9.3)

35 (18.4)^*

42 (22.6)^*

0.002