Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by recurrence following ablation

Clinical characteristics

Age, years

60.74 ± 11.29

60.35 ± 11.27

61.57 ± 11.30

0.017

Female, n (%)

821 (36.62)

538 (35.14)

283 (39.80)

0.033

BMI, kg/m²

25.06 ± 3.33

24.66 ± 3.12

25.94 ± 3.59

< 0.001

Current smoking, n (%)

445 (19.85)

296 (19.33)

149 (20.95)

0.370

Current drinking, n (%)

480 (21.41)

306 (19.99)

174 (24.47)

0.016

Hypertension, n (%)

1156 (51.56)

780 (50.95)

376 (52.88)

0.393

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

631 (28.14)

399 (26.06)

232 (32.63)

0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

443 (19.76)

282 (18.42)

161 (22.64)

0.019

CHD, n (%)

675 (30.11)

440 (28.74)

235 (33.05)

0.038

Heart failure, n (%)

311 (13.87)

215 (14.04)

96 (13.50)

0.730

Prior stroke/TIA, n (%)

371 (16.55)

241 (15.74)

130 (18.28)

0.132

Duration of AF (≥ 24 months), n (%)

1141 (50.89)

728 (47.55)

413 (58.09)

< 0.001

AF type

< 0.001

Paroxysmal AF, n (%)

1305 (58.21)

950 (62.05)

355 (49.93)

Persistent AF, n (%)

937 (41.79)

581 (37.95)

356 (50.07)

Medication

ACEI/ARB, n (%)

905 (40.47)

604 (39.50)

301 (42.57)

0.169

AADs, n (%)

1866 (83.23)

1268 (82.82)

598 (84.11)

0.448

Statins, n (%)

721 (32.16)

483 (31.55)

238 (33.47)

0.364

Laboratory test

WBC, 10⁹/l

6.32 ± 1.74

6.33 ± 1.74

6.28 ± 1.75

0.452

PLT, 10⁹/l

198.22 ± 55.23

200.18 ± 55.48

193.97 ± 54.56

0.013

UA, mmol/l

327.11 ± 96.52

325.68 ± 94.73

329.63 ± 99.44

0.367

Cr, µmol/l

76.97 ± 36.01

76.79 ± 32.39

77.35 ± 42.81

0.734

FBG, mmol/l

5.48 ± 1.67

5.42 ± 1.60

5.68 ± 1.91

0.002

Hb1AC, %

6.13 ± 1.00

6.10 ± 0.0.99

6.20 ± 1.05

0.025

TC, mmol/l

3.72 ± 0.90

3.72 ± 0.89

3.75 ± 0.93

0.422

TG, mmol/l

1.23 (0.93–1.65)

1.22 (0.92–1.63)

1.24 (0.93–1.73)

0.066

HDL-C, mmol/l

1.12 ± 0.31

1.13 ± 0.33

1.11 ± 0.27

0.082

LDL-C, mmol/l

2.12 ± 0.72

2.11 ± 0.71

2.15 ± 0.74

0.277

Echocardiographic

LVEF, %

61.56 ± 6.73

61.60 ± 6.73

61.50 ± 6.75

0.751

LA diameter, mm

39.85 ± 6.14

38.76 ± 5.96

42.21 ± 5.85

< 0.001

LVEDD, mm

47.43 ± 4.86

47.30 ± 4.76

47.72 ± 5.06

0.061

Extra PV LA ablation

Linear ablation, n (%)

1415 (63.11)

960 (62.70)

455 (63.99)

0.556

SVC isolation, n (%)

270 (12.04)

193 (12.61)

77 (10.83)

0.229

CHA₂DS₂-VASc score

2 (1–4)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–4)

0.001

TyG index

8.58 ± 0.54

8.55 ± 0.54

8.63 ± 0.54

0.002

TyG-BMI index

215.19 ± 33.02

211.07 ± 30.86

224.06 ± 35.68

< 0.001

TG/HDL-C ratio

2.64 (1.82–3.75)

2.58 (1.82–3.66)

2.73 (1.83-4.00)

0.067

METS-IR

38.75 ± 6.54

37.97 ± 6.13

40.42 ± 7.07

< 0.001