Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the TyG index quartiles
Characteristics | Quantile of the TyG index | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Q1 (7.36, 8.94) | Q2 (8.95, 9.21) | Q3 (9.22, 9.57) | Q4 (9.58, 13.40) | ||
N (%) | 5754 | 1485 | 1388 | 1410 | 1471 | Â |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 52.83 (15.88) | 53.06 (17.01) | 52.36 (15.99) | 53.33 (15.97) | 52.57 (14.42) | 0.429 |
Gender, n (%) |  < 0.001 | |||||
 Male | 2743 (49.32) | 641 (44.56) | 575 (42.93) | 680 (48.40) | 847 (61.41) |  |
 Female | 3011 (50.68) | 844 (55.44) | 813 (57.07) | 730 (51.60) | 624 (38.59) |  |
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 33.01 (6.70) | 33.71 (7.40) | 32.83 (6.51) | 32.94 (6.58) | 32.57 (6.18) | 0.042 |
Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD) | 110.66 (14.60) | 111.60 (15.16) | 109.59 (14.04) | 110.74 (15.04) | 110.70 (14.07) | 0.075 |
Race, n (%) |  < 0.001 | |||||
 Non-Hispanic White | 2681 (70.97) | 594 (65.00) | 685 (73.23) | 722 (74.01) | 680 (71.65) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 903 (8.84) | 421 (16.52) | 190 (7.33) | 144 (5.39) | 148 (6.09) |  |
 Hispanic | 1265 (9.19) | 246 (7.69) | 296 (8.95) | 326 (9.29) | 397 (10.84) |  |
 Multiracial/other | 905 (11.00) | 224 (10.78) | 217 (10.49) | 218 (11.31) | 246 (11.42) |  |
PIR, mean (SD) | 2.82 (1.59) | 2.82 (1.63) | 2.84 (1.56) | 2.83 (1.58) | 2.79 (1.60) | 0.934 |
Education level, n (%) | 0.159 | |||||
 Below high school | 1,929 (21.74) | 445 (18.72) | 464 (21.45) | 493 (23.72) | 527 (23.09) |  |
 High school graduate or GED | 1,396 (27.28) | 372 (28.02) | 318 (25.99) | 368(28.59) | 338 (26.53) |  |
 Some college or above | 2,429 (50.97) | 668 (53.26) | 606 (52.56) | 549 (47.69) | 606 (50.38) |  |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.739 | |||||
 Married or living with a partner | 3601 (66.23) | 888 (65.05) | 881 (66.94) | 889 (66.85) | 943 (66.10) |  |
 Never married | 641 (11.38) | 200 (12.93) | 138 (10.49) | 152 (10.67) | 151 (11.41) |  |
 Widowed, divorced, or separated | 1,512 (22.39) | 397 (22.02) | 369 (22.57) | 369 (22.48) | 377 (22.49) |  |
Nicotine exposure, n (%) | 0.004 | |||||
 Never | 2811 (48.66) | 784 (52.53) | 725 (51.26) | 631 (46.27) | 671 (44.56) |  |
 Former | 1749 (30.05) | 424 (29.11) | 390 (26.58) | 467 (32.95) | 468 (31.57) |  |
 Now | 1194 (21.29) | 277 (18.36) | 273 (22.16) | 312 (20.79) | 332 (23.87) |  |
Alcohol use, n (%) | 0.190 | |||||
 Non-drinker | 2108 (32.69) | 581 (34.49) | 534 (33.59) | 498 (33.56) | 495 (29.13) |  |
 1–5 drinks/month | 2713 (47.83) | 682 (47.82) | 640 (46.77) | 678 (48.23) | 713 (48.51) |  |
 5–10 drinks/month | 312 (6.62) | 64 (4.83) | 74 (7.14) | 81 (6.29) | 93 (8.23) |  |
 > 10 drinks/month | 621 (12.85) | 158 (12.85) | 140 (12.50) | 153 (11.92) | 170 (14.12) |  |
Physical activity time, min/week, mean (SD) | 220.85 (427.59) | 206.53 (337.09) | 220.01 (348.96) | 224.26 (470.88) | 232.65 (523.97) | 0.285 |
Physical inactivity, n (%) | 3,865 (65.11) | 998 (65.80) | 915 (62.93) | 943 (64.43) | 1,009 (67.28) | 0.334 |
Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
 Hypertension | 3105 (51.35) | 865 (53.53) | 707 (47.34) | 741 (51.75) | 792 (52.78) | 0.046 |
 Diabetes | 1463 (21.57) | 306 (14.65) | 235 (14.58) | 334 (21.42) | 588 (35.66) |  < 0.001 |
 CVD | 964 (14.50) | 269 (15.01) | 193 (11.30) | 243 (15.39) | 259 (16.30) | 0.021 |
 CKD | 704 (9.78) | 187 (10.38) | 161 (8.82) | 190 (10.87) | 166 (9.04) | 0.325 |
 Cancer | 659 (11.79) | 157 (11.45) | 167 (11.73) | 186 (12.63) | 149 (11.37) | 0.833 |
SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 131.47 (18.35) | 135.29 (18.19) | 129.78 (18.70) | 130.62 (18.52) | 130.17 (17.44) |  < 0.001 |
DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 73.86 (13.84) | 75.04 (14.61) | 73.05 (12.79) | 73.57 (13.58) | 73.78 (14.23) | 0.005 |
Laboratory measurements, mean (SD) | ||||||
 HbA1c, % | 6.09 (1.34) | 5.78 (0.78) | 5.75 (0.78) | 5.93 (0.98) | 6.89 (2.03) |  < 0.001 |
 FBG, mmol/L | 6.85 (2.51) | 6.17 (1.09) | 6.11 (1.17) | 6.50 (1.53) | 8.64 (4.01) |  < 0.001 |
 FBI, pmol/L | 118.95 (125.80) | 111.17 (115.78) | 107.14 (111.39) | 118.90 (97.99) | 138.64 (165.34) |  < 0.001 |
 TG, mmol/L | 2.42 (2.08) | 1.18 (0.39) | 1.85 (0.31) | 2.37 (0.47) | 4.27 (3.41) |  < 0.001 |
 TC, mmol/L | 5.24 (1.21) | 4.72 (1.01) | 5.19 (1.07) | 5.32 (1.09) | 5.72 (1.40) |  < 0.001 |
 LDL, mmol/L | 3.08 (0.98) | 2.96 (0.89) | 3.20 (0.99) | 3.13 (1.00) | 3.02 (1.04) |  < 0.001 |
 HDL, mmol/L | 1.12 (0.32) | 1.22 (0.40) | 1.14 (0.29) | 1.11 (0.26) | 0.99 (0.25) |  < 0.001 |
 ALB, g/L | 41.82 (3.28) | 41.09 (3.17) | 41.94 (3.33) | 42.08 (3.15) | 42.17 (3.36) |  < 0.001 |
 ALT, IU/L | 30.14 (37.61) | 27.41 (17.94) | 28.06 (18.04) | 32.37 (67.73) | 32.74 (20.27) |  < 0.001 |
 AST, IU/L | 26.35 (14.99) | 25.38 (13.24) | 25.50 (16.57) | 26.69 (15.10) | 27.84 (14.76) |  < 0.001 |
 BUN, mmol/L | 5.10 (2.18) | 5.08 (2.29) | 4.92 (2.04) | 5.11 (2.14) | 5.31 (2.25) |  < 0.001 |
 GGT, IU/L | 37.89 (55.90) | 31.46 (37.55) | 33.19 (37.80) | 35.59 (35.56) | 51.34 (90.32) |  < 0.001 |
 LDH, IU/L | 137.44 (30.81) | 141.89 (33.16) | 138.17 (30.16) | 134.57 (27.01) | 135.10 (32.02) |  < 0.001 |
 TBIL, umol/L | 11.40 (4.82) | 10.94 (4.87) | 11.27 (4.61) | 11.87 (4.97) | 11.51 (4.77) |  < 0.001 |
 SUA, IU/L | 355.80 (87.28) | 348.42 (87.07) | 350.94 (83.76) | 360.75 (84.64) | 363.12 (92.58) |  < 0.001 |
 SCR, umol/L | 78.58 (33.10) | 77.87 (28.41) | 76.96 (27.43) | 78.49 (27.16) | 81.03 (45.60) | 0.076 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 90.15 (22.60) | 90.92 (23.64) | 90.07 (21.70) | 89.17 (23.00) | 90.42 (21.99) | 0.288 |
TyG index, mean (SD) | 9.28 (0.61) | 8.59 (0.31) | 9.08 (0.07) | 9.37 (0.10) | 10.06 (0.50) |  < 0.001 |
All-cause mortality, n (%) | 1,201 (17.15) | 279 (15.16) | 275 (15.48) | 302 (17.91) | 345 (20.06) | 0.014 |
Cardiovascular mortality, n (%) | 398 (5.42) | 86 (4.06) | 93 (4.76) | 96 (5.70) | 123 (7.14) | 0.011 |