Table 1 Selected baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes initiating empagliflozin or GLP-1RA

Demographics

 Age, years [mean (SD)]

63.10 (8.62)

62.34 (8.71)

-0.0877

62.57 (8.64)

62.62 (8.65)

0.0058

 Sex (Female)

73,320 (43.2%)

162,186 (54.4%)

0.2255

65,824 (46.5%)

65,369 (46.2%)

-0.0060

 Race categories*

  …White

78,748 (70.6%)

145,670 (75.1%)

0.1013

66,543 (72.9%)

66,387 (72.7%)

-0.0045

  …Black

10,932 (9.8%)

20,744 (10.7%)

0.0297

9,330 (10.2%)

9,313 (10.2%)

0.0000

  …Asian

5,637 (5.1%)

4,872 (2.5%)

-0.1363

3,176 (3.5%)

3,253 (3.6%)

0.0054

  …Hispanic

10,501 (9.4%)

14,957 (7.7%)

-0.0608

8,152 (8.9%)

8,141 (8.9%)

0.0000

  …Other or unknown

5,663 (5.1%)

7,814 (4.0%)

-0.0528

4,134 (4.5%)

4,241 (4.6%)

0.0048

Burden of comorbidities

 Combined comorbidity score^† [mean (SD)]

1.16 (1.66)

1.40 (1.76)

0.1403

1.17 (1.66)

1.19 (1.63)

0.0122

 Frailty Score [mean (SD)]

0.16 (0.04)

0.17 (0.04)

0.2500

0.16 (0.04)

0.16 (0.04)

0.0000

Lifestyle-related factors

 Obesity

62,936 (37.1%)

142,318 (47.7%)

0.2157

57,224 (40.4%)

57,072 (40.3%)

-0.0020

 Smoking

30,693 (18.1%)

57,606 (19.3%)

0.0308

25,682 (18.1%)

25,745 (18.2%)

0.0026

 Alcohol abuse or dependence

1,908 (1.1%)

2,993 (1.0%)

-0.0098

1,492 (1.1%)

1,558 (1.1%)

0.0000

Diabetes complications

 Diabetic nephropathy

21,758 (12.8%)

52,661 (17.7%)

0.1366

19,041 (13.5%)

19,333 (13.7%)

0.0058

 Diabetic retinopathy

17,559 (10.4%)

36,210 (12.1%)

0.0538

14,902 (10.5%)

14,956 (10.6%)

0.0033

 Diabetic neuropathy

35,709 (21.1%)

76,604 (25.7%)

0.1088

31,042 (21.9%)

31,485 (22.2%)

0.0072

 Hypoglycemia

18,263 (10.8%)

33,505 (11.2%)

0.0128

15,028 (10.6%)

15,186 (10.7%)

0.0032

 Hyperglycemia

83,573 (49.3%)

149,606 (50.2%)

0.0180

70,774 (50.0%)

71,025 (50.2%)

0.0040

 Diabetic ketoacidosis

541 (0.3%)

1,387 (0.5%)

0.0317

478 (0.3%)

494 (0.3%)

0.0000

 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

1,473 (0.9%)

2,893 (1.0%)

0.0103

1,246 (0.9%)

1,240 (0.9%)

0.0000

Diabetes medications

 No. of glucose-lowering medications on cohort entry^‡ [mean (SD)]

1.47 (0.94)

1.38 (0.95)

-0.0952

1.43 (0.94)

1.44 (0.95)

0.0106

 Metformin

139,424 (82.2%)

220,334 (73.9%)

-0.2015

114,420 (80.8%)

114,619 (81.0%)

0.0051

 Sulfonylureas − 2nd generation

67,731 (39.9%)

116,640 (39.1%)

-0.0164

57,505 (40.6%)

57,294 (40.5%)

-0.0020

 Thiazolidinediones (TZD)

15,423 (9.1%)

26,796 (9.0%)

-0.0035

13,086 (9.2%)

13,101 (9.3%)

0.0035

 DPP-4i

62,785 (37.0%)

82,214 (27.6%)

-0.2020

47,299 (33.4%)

47,962 (33.9%)

0.0106

 Insulins

34,945 (20.6%)

113,210 (38.0%)

0.3895

33,966 (24.0%)

34,650 (24.5%)

0.0117

Comorbidities

 Baseline CVD

58,858 (34.7%)

98,937 (33.2%)

-0.0317

46,906 (33.1%)

46,904 (33.1%)

0.0000

 Acute MI

4,118 (2.4%)

5,315 (1.8%)

-0.0419

2,901 (2.0%)

2,901 (2.0%)

0.0000

 Unstable angina

5,173 (3.1%)

7,080 (2.4%)

-0.0428

3,713 (2.6%)

3,715 (2.6%)

0.0000

 Coronary procedure

4,663 (2.7%)

5,050 (1.7%)

-0.0682

3,014 (2.1%)

3,029 (2.1%)

0.0000

 Heart failure

14,415 (8.5%)

28,221 (9.5%)

0.0349

11,649 (8.2%)

11,771 (8.3%)

0.0036

 Ischemic stroke

13,366 (7.9%)

22,506 (7.5%)

-0.0150

10,683 (7.5%)

10,653 (7.5%)

0.0000

 Peripheral arterial disease

14,605 (8.6%)

27,478 (9.2%)

0.0211

12,117 (8.6%)

12,072 (8.5%)

-0.0036

 Acute Kidney Injury

4,426 (2.6%)

13,057 (4.4%)

0.0981

3,975 (2.8%)

4,067 (2.9%)

0.0060

 CKD Stages 1–2

6,139 (3.6%)

12,264 (4.1%)

0.0260

5,087 (3.6%)

5,173 (3.7%)

0.0053

 CKD Stages 3–4

11,652 (6.9%)

40,195 (13.5%)

0.2194

11,001 (7.8%)

11,261 (8.0%)

0.0074

 CKD unspecified

4,874 (2.9%)

17,781 (6.0%)

0.1508

4,985 (3.5%)

5,132 (3.6%)

0.0054

 Electrolyte disorders

9,714 (5.7%)

21,438 (7.2%)

0.0611

8,242 (5.8%)

8,350 (5.9%)

0.0043

 Disorders of fluid balance

4,718 (2.8%)

10,430 (3.5%)

0.0401

3,985 (2.8%)

3,989 (2.8%)

0.0000

 COPD

13,986 (8.2%)

28,471 (9.5%)

0.0458

11,842 (8.4%)

11,958 (8.4%)

0.0000

 Obstructive sleep apnea

29,185 (17.2%)

66,566 (22.3%)

0.1284

26,246 (18.5%)

26,285 (18.6%)

0.0026

 Fractures

2,521 (1.5%)

5,352 (1.8%)

0.0236

2,199 (1.6%)

2,213 (1.6%)

0.0000

 NASH/NAFLD

10,549 (6.2%)

19,469 (6.5%)

0.0123

9,095 (6.4%)

9,161 (6.5%)

0.0041

 Liver disease

5,979 (3.5%)

10,293 (3.5%)

0.0000

4,871 (3.4%)

4,865 (3.4%)

0.0000

 Dementia

4,114 (2.4%)

8,159 (2.7%)

0.0190

3,460 (2.4%)

3,469 (2.5%)

0.0065

Other Medications

 ACEI and ARBs

126,421 (74.5%)

222,629 (74.6%)

0.0023

105,435 (74.5%)

105,697 (74.7%)

0.0046

 Beta-blockers

64,467 (38.0%)

114,431 (38.4%)

0.0082

52,505 (37.1%)

52,849 (37.3%)

0.0041

 Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

22,002 (13.0%)

45,473 (15.2%)

0.0632

19,162 (13.5%)

19,134 (13.5%)

0.0000

 Loop diuretics

19,517 (11.5%)

49,735 (16.7%)

0.1498

17,285 (12.2%)

17,625 (12.5%)

0.0091

 Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

6,729 (4.0%)

14,863 (5.0%)

0.0483

5,750 (4.1%)

5,743 (4.1%)

0.0000

 Antiarrhythmics

2,819 (1.7%)

4,989 (1.7%)

0.0000

2,277 (1.6%)

2,317 (1.6%)

0.0000

 Anticoagulants

11,921 (7.0%)

21,884 (7.3%)

0.0116

9,674 (6.8%)

9,734 (6.9%)

0.0040

 PCSK9 inhibitors and other lipid-lowering agents

27,069 (16.0%)

46,642 (15.6%)

-0.0110

21,962 (15.5%)

22,251 (15.7%)

0.0055

 Corticosteroids

29,454 (17.4%)

57,153 (19.2%)

0.0466

25,378 (17.9%)

25,507 (18.0%)

0.0026

 Opioids

49,528 (29.2%)

105,449 (35.4%)

0.1329

43,272 (30.6%)

43,662 (30.8%)

0.0043

Healthcare utilization

 Internist (-30 days to cohort entry)

110,466 (65.1%)

187,744 (62.9%)

-0.0458

91,622 (64.7%)

91,748 (64.8%)

0.0021

 Endocrinologist (-30 days to cohort entry)

23,709 (14.0%)

54,114 (18.1%)

0.1119

20,990 (14.8%)

21,223 (15.0%)

0.0056

 Cardiologist (-30 days to cohort entry)

19,830 (11.7%)

26,889 (9.0%)

-0.0887

14,264 (10.1%)

14,379 (10.2%)

0.0033

 No. of hospitalizations [mean (SD)]

0.14 (0.46)

0.15 (0.48)

0.0213

0.13 (0.45)

0.13 (0.45)

0.0000

 LOS (-30 days to cohort entry) [mean (SD)]

0.09 (0.89)

0.07 (0.76)

-0.0242

0.08 (0.82)

0.09 (0.78)

0.0125

 No. of emergency visits [mean (SD)]

0.43 (1.23)

0.50 (1.31)

0.0551

0.44 (1.24)

0.45 (1.26)

0.0080

 No. of distinct brand medications [mean (SD)]

2.80 (1.70)

3.21 (1.93)

0.2254

2.85 (1.72)

2.88 (1.76)

0.0172

 Out-of-pocket pharmacy cost ($)^§ [mean (SD)]

730.06 (780.06)

814.76 (866.16)

0.1028

740.42 (790.32)

752.85 (789.26)

0.0157

Laboratory results^||

 HbA1c, mean (SD)

9.0(2.31)

9.0(2.41)

0.016

9.0(2.31)

9.0(2.39)

0.001

 Creatinine, mean (SD)

1.0(0.47)

1.0(0.50)

0.077

1.0(0.47)

1.0(0.47)

0.059

 eGFR, mean (SD)

84.4(21.95)

81.6(24.92)

0.119

84.5(22.31)

83.0(23.33)

0.066

 UACR, mean (SD)

107.8(520.79)

154.2(610.36)

0.082

112.1(548.33)

126.7(536.22)

0.027

 LDL, mean (SD)

98.7(44.15)

99.9(43.34)

0.029

99.5(44.38)

98.5(43.16)

0.023

 HDL, mean (SD)

46.9(16.87)

47.0(17.09)

0.007

46.8(16.68)

46.5(16.73)

0.018

 Triglyceride, mean (SD)

206.2(163.88)

206.1(156.88)

0.001

208.2(165.01)

206.8(158.86)

0.009