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Table 2 The association between circulating PSM (log-2 transformed) levels and outcomes

From: Circulating palmitoyl sphingomyelin levels predict the 10-year increased risk of cardiovascular disease death in Chinese adults: findings from the Da Qing Diabetes Study

 

All participants (n = 505)

P value

Individuals with diabetes (n = 286)

p value

Individuals without diabetes (n = 219)

p value

All-cause death, n (%)

178 (35.2)

 

129 (45.1)

 

49 (22.4)

 

 Crude HR (95% CI)

1.69 (1.48–1.93)

 < 0.001

1.52 (1.30–1.76)

 < 0.001

1.82 (1.34–2.47)

 < 0.001

 Model 1 HR (95% CI)

1.61 (1.41–1.83)

 < 0.001

1.46 (1.25–1.69)

 < 0.001

1.86 (1.34–4.51)

 < 0.001

 Model 2 HR (95% CI)

1.47 (1.28–1.73)

 < 0.001

1.42 (1.21–1.67)

 < 0.001

1.67 (1.17–2.36)

0.004

 Model 3 HR (95% CI)

1.37 (1.12–1.68)

0.002

1.47 (1.16–1.87)

0.002

1.18 (0.73–1.92)

0.50

CVD death, n (%)

87 (17.2)

 

67 (23.4)

 

20 (9.1)

 

 Crude HR (95% CI)

2.04 (1.69–2.45)

 < 0.001

1.73 (1.40–2.13)

 < 0.001

2.73 (1.74–4.28)

 < 0.001

 Model 1 HR (95% CI)

1.91 (1.58–2.30)

 < 0.001

1.63 (1.32–2.01)

 < 0.001

2.82 (1.75–4.56)

 < 0.001

 Model 2 HR (95% CI)

1.75 (1.43–2.14)

 < 0.001

1.58 (1.27–1.98)

 < 0.001

2.31 (1.39–3.83)

0.001

 Model 3 HR (95% CI)

1.50 (1.12–2.00)

0.006

1.53 (1.10–2.14)

0.012

1.31 (0.65–2.63)

0.44

Non-CVD death, n (%)

91 (18.0)

 

62 (21.7)

 

29 (13.2)

 

 Crude HR (95% CI)

1.38 (1.13–1.68)

0.001

1.30 (1.04–1.62)

0.023

1.30 (0.83–2.01)

0.25

 Model 1 HR (95% CI)

1.33 (1.09–1.61)

0.004

1.26 (1.01–1.58)

0.04

1.29 (0.81–2.06)

0.29

 Model 2 HR (95% CI)

1.23 (1.00–1.51)

0.046

1.24 (0.98–1.57)

0.069

1.22 (0.73–2.02)

0.45

 Model 3 HR (95% CI)

1.24 (0.93–1.66)

0.15

1.39 (0.98–1.96)

0.062

1.01 (0.51–2.00)

0.98

  1. Model 1: Adjusted for age (per 10 years) and sex; Model 2: plus adjusting for smoking status, SBP (per 10 mmHg), HbA1c level, and LDL-c level; Model 3: plus adjusting for creatinine level, prevalent CVD, and the use of statins and alcohol
  2. PSM palmitoyl sphingomyelin, CVD cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, SBP systolic blood pressure, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol