Advanced glycation end products measured by skin autofluorescence and subclinical cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam Study

Table 3 Associations between SAF and endophenotypes reflecting atherosclerosis or arterial stiffness

Outcome^a	n/N	Crude model	Odds ratio (95% CI)^b
Outcome^a	n/N	Crude model	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Hypertension	2166/2996	1.67 (1.41, 1.99)	1.11 (0.92, 1.35)	1.01 (0.83, 1.23)	0.99 (0.81, 1.21)
Plaque presence	2469/2882	2.24 (1.76, 2.85)	1.4 (1.09, 1.81)	1.36 (1.05, 1.76)	1.20 (0.92, 1.57)
Categorical CAC (EBT)	455	1.66 (1.13, 2.45)	1.31 (0.87, 1.97)	1.31 (0.87, 1.97)	1.31 (0.87, 1.97)
Categorical CAC (MDCT)	318	2.2 (1.39, 3.48)	2.2 (1.39, 3.48)	2.2 (1.39, 3.48)	2.2 (1.39, 3.48)

Outcome^a	n/N	Crude model	Beta coefficients (95% CI)^c
Outcome^a	n/N	Crude model	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
IMT (max)	2878	0.42 (0.35, 0.5)	0.13 (0.06, 0.2)	0.11 (0.04, 0.17)	0.08 (0.01, 0.15)
log CAC (EBT)	455	0.92 (0.48, 1.35)	0.55 (0.1, 0.99)	0.39 (-0.04, 0.83)	0.28 (-0.15, 0.71)
log CAC (MDCT)	318	1.09 (0.57, 1.61)	0.77 (0.25, 1.29)	0.64 (0.14, 1.14)	0.55 (0.04, 1.06)
PWV	2402	0.41 (0.33, 0.49)	0.12 (0.04, 0.2)	0.09 (0.02, 0.17)	0.09 (0.01, 0.16)

Crude model: not adjusted for covariates
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and RS subcohorts
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, RS subcohorts, body mass index, dyslipidemia, and hypertension
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, RS subcohorts, body mass index, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking status, diabetes, and eGFR
For associations with hypertension, hypertension was not adjusted
SAF skin autofluorescence, N number of participants, CI confidence interval, IMT carotid intima-media thickness, CAC coronary artery calcification score, EBT electron-beam tomography, MDCT multi-detector computed tomography, PWV pulse wave velocity
^az-scores of IMT and PWV, categorial CAC scores (≥ 100 vs. < 100), and log-transformed (CAC + 1) were used in the analyses
^bOdds ratios (95% CIs) were adjusted odds ratios associated with one unit higher SAF
^cCoefficients (95% CIs) are adjusted differences of the endophenotypes associated with one unit higher SAF, in folds of SD for IMT, PWV, and the natural logarithm of (CAC + 1) for CAC

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