Characteristic | All | LFC ≤ 5.56% | LFC > 5.56% |
---|---|---|---|
No. participants | 255 | 96 | 159 |
Clinical characteristics | |||
Age, years | 60.3 ± 10.1 | 62.5 ± 9.8 | 59.0 ± 9.9 ** |
Gender, % female (n) | 51.0 (130) | 50.0 (48) | 51.6 (82) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 34.2 ± 6.4 | 32.1 ± 6.4 | 35.5 ± 6.1 *** |
≥ 30 kg/m2, % (n) | 71.8 (183) | 55.2 (53) | 81.8 (130) *** |
Diabetes duration, years | 13.4 ± 10.0 | 16.0 ± 10.3 | 11.8 ± 9.6 ** |
Tobacco (current or former), % (n) | 54.5 (139) | 50.0 (48) | 57.2 (91) |
Hypertension, % (n) | 85.9 (219) | 92.7 (89) | 81.8 (130) * |
Retinopathy, % (n) | 30.2 (77) | 38.5 (37) | 25.2 (40) * |
Diabetes medications | |||
Insulin, % (n) | 60.8 (155) | 69.8 (67) | 55.4 (88) * |
Metformin, % (n) | 56.5 (144) | 40.6 (39) | 66.0 (105) *** |
Sulfonylureas, % (n) | 51.0 (130) | 49.0 (47) | 52.2 (83) |
GLP-1 receptor agonists, % (n) | 5.5 (14) | 3.1 (3) | 6.9 (11) |
Glucosidase inhibitors, % (n) | 2.7 (7) | 2.1 (2) | 3.1 (5) |
Lipid-lowering agents | |||
Statins, % (n) | 52.2 (133) | 66.7 (64) | 43.4 (69) *** |
Fibrates, % (n) | 15.3 (39) | 4.2 (4) | 22.0 (35) *** |
Ezetimibe, % (n) | 5.1 (13) | 5.3 (5) | 5.0 (8) |
Routine blood markers | |||
HbA1c, % | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 8.5 ± 1.9 | 8.7 ± 1.7 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 71 ± 15 | 69 ± 15 | 72 ± 16 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 8.9 [7.1–11.1] | 8.3 [6.5–11.1] | 9.1 [7.2–11.1] |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 99 [77–130] | 84 [66–115] | 111 [86–142] *** |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.78 ± 1.15 | 4.59 ± 1.21 | 4.90 ± 1.10 |
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.80 ± 0.96 | 2.72 ± 1.02 | 2.85 ± 0.93 |
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.10 ± 0.26 | 1.13 ± 0.30 | 1.08 ± 0.24 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.70 [1.21–2.67] | 1.36 [1.05–2.02] | 2.04 [1.42–2.88] *** |
TyG index | 9.48 ± 0.75 | 9.22 ± 0.70 | 9.64 ± 0.74 *** |
AST, IU/L | 20.0 [13.8–29.0] | 19.5 [12.0–24.0] | 22.0 [15.0–32.0] ** |
ALT, IU/L | 32.0 [24.8–47.0] | 26.0 [21.0–32.0] | 38.0 [59.0–53.0] *** |
GGT, IU/L | 41.0 [26.0–72.0] | 33.5 [22.3–55.5] | 46.0 [32.0–78.0] ** |