Fig. 3

Heatmap plot depicting pairwise comparisons (row vs. column) of risk ratio between the types of SGLT2 inhibitors and outcomes. A Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Sotagliflozin, Ertugliflozin for the risk of death, kidney function progression, cardiovascular death or HHF, cardiovascular death, AKI, ketoacidosis, lower limbs amputation, UTI, Mycotic genital infections, Hypoglycemia, Bone fracture among DM patients. Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin for the risk death, kidney function progression, cardiovascular death or HHF, cardiovascular death, AKI, lower limbs amputation among non-DM patients B Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin for the risk of kidney specific composite outcomes, cardiovascular death or HHF among CKD patients. Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin for the risk of kidney specific composite outcomes, cardiovascular death or HHF among non-CKD patients. C Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Sotagliflozin, Ertugliflozin for the risk of MACE, cardiovascular death or HHF among HF patients. Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Sotagliflozin, Ertugliflozin for the risk of MACE, cardiovascular death or HHF among non-HF patients. D Highly selective SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) and less selective SGLT-2 inhibitors (canagliflozin and sotagliflozin) for the risk of death, cardiovascular death, cardiovascular death or HHF, kidney function progression, AKI, Ketoacidosis, lower limbs amputation, UTI, mycotic genital infection, hypoglycemia, bone fracture for DM and non-DM patients. E Highly selective SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) and less selective SGLT-2 inhibitors (canagliflozin and sotagliflozin) for the risk of renal specific composite outcomes, cardiovascular death or HHF, and MACE for CKD and non-CKD patients. F Highly selective SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) and less selective SGLT-2 inhibitors (canagliflozin and sotagliflozin) for the risk of cardiovascular death or HHF, and MACE for HF and non-HF patients. The contents of the diagonal are the values of the risk ratio. Red depicts a higher risk ratio, and Green depicts a lower risk ratio. Colored blocks without value means p value more than 0.05 while there is no available data in white blocks. AKI acute kidney injury, Cana canagliflozin, CKD Chronic kidney disease, Dapa dapagliflozin, DM Diabetes Mellitus, Empa empagliflozin, Ertu ertugliflozin, HF Heart failure, HHF Hospitalization for heath failure, MACE Major adverse cardiac events, SGLT2 Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2, Sota sotagliflozin, UTI Urinary tract infection