K-means Variability Group | Low | Medium | High | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 4489 | 3929 | 1634 | Â |
Age | 63.6 ± 6.6 | 62.3 ± 6.5 | 61.5 ± 6.6 | < 0.01 |
Female | 1697 (37.8%) | 1499 (38.2%) | 660 (40.4%) | 0.17 |
Race or ethnic group (%) |  |  |  | < 0.01 |
 White | 3002 (66.9%) | 2417 (61.5%) | 862 (52.8%) |  |
 Black | 668 (14.9%) | 781 (19.9%) | 455 (27.8%) |  |
 Hispanic | 250 (5.6%) | 296 (7.5%) | 173 (10.6%) |  |
 Other | 569 (12.7%) | 435 (11.1%) | 144 (8.8%) |  |
CVD History (%) | 1446 (32.2%) | 1432 (36.4%) | 638 (39%) | < 0.01 |
Education (%) |  |  |  | < 0.01 |
 Less than high school | 576 (12.8%) | 602 (15.3%) | 286 (17.5%) |  |
 High-school graduate | 1180 (26.3%) | 1038 (26.4%) | 444 (27.2%) |  |
 Some college | 1466 (32.7%) | 1302 (33.1%) | 530 (32.5%) |  |
 College degree or higher | 1264 (28.2%) | 986 (25.1%) | 766 (23.3%) |  |
Intensive Treatment (%) | 2829 (63.0%) | 1624 (41.3%) | 574 (35.1%) | < 0.01 |
HbA1c measures | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Baseline HbA1C (%) | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 1.1 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | < 0.01 |
 HVS | 19.3 ± 8.9 | 45.4 ± 8.3 | 75.9 ± 13.0 | < 0.01 |
 SD of HbA1C | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | < 0.01 |
Blood pressure (mm Hg) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Systolic | 135.8 ± 16.3 | 136.5 ± 17.4 | 137.2 ± 18.1 | 0.04 |
 Diastolic | 74.4 ± 10.2 | 74.9 ± 10.8 | 76.1 ± 11.3 | < 0.01 |
Heart rate (BPM) | 72.0 ± 11.5 | 72.8 ± 11.7 | 74.1 ± 12.2 | < 0.01 |
Body-mass index | 31.8 ± 5.2 | 32.5 ± 5.5 | 32.8 ± 5.6 | < 0.01 |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Total | 181.0 ± 39.7 | 184.8 ± 43.1 | 186.2 ± 44.0 | < 0.01 |
 Low-density lipoprotein | 103.5 ± 32.6 | 105.6 ± 34.2 | 106.8 ± 36.2 | < 0.01 |
 High-density lipoprotein | 42.3 ± 11.6 | 41.5 ± 11.4 | 41.7 ± 12.1 | < 0.01 |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 182.1 ± 125.4 | 195.9 ± 157.1 | 199.8 ± 183.3 | < 0.01 |
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dl) | 167.4 ± 47.9 | 179.2 ± 58.3 | 187.7 ± 67.9 | < 0.01 |
Estimated GFR, mL *min− 1*1.73 m− 2 | 90.5 ± 24.4 | 91.3 ± 30.3 | 92.2 ± 26.1 | 0.01 |
History physical exam (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Protein in urine | 788 (17.6%) | 833 (21.2%) | 373 (21.8%) | < 0.01 |
 Heart failure | 173 (3.9%) | 202 (5.1%) | 99 (6.1%) | < 0.01 |
 Neuropathy | 1093 (24.4%) | 1099 (28.0%) | 485 (29.7%) | < 0.01 |
 Depression | 893 (19.9%) | 995 (25.3%) | 482 (29.5%) | < 0.01 |
 Eye disease | 1367 (30.5%) | 1266 (32.2%) | 506 (31.0%) | 0.10 |
 Smoked cigarettes in last 30 days | 539 (12.0%) | 564 (14.4%) | 289 (17.7%) | < 0.01 |
Crude outcomes (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Primary outcome | 340 (7.6%) | 442 (11.2%) | 233 (14.3%) | < 0.01 |
 All-cause mortality | 216 (4.8%) | 254 (6.5%) | 198 (12.4%) | < 0.01 |
 CVD-mortality | 93 (2.1%) | 118 (3.0%) | 95 (5.8%) | < 0.01 |
 Non-fatal MI | 213 (4.7%) | 293 (7.5%) | 118 (7.2%) | < 0.01 |
 Non-fatal Stroke | 56 (1.2%) | 68 (1.7%) | 49 (3.0%) | < 0.01 |
 Total Stroke | 63(1.4%) | 77(2.0%) | 52(3.2%) | < 0.01 |