Fig. 1
Reproduced from Joslin JR, Lioudaki E, Androulakis E. Interrelation between heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and renal impairment. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022;23(2):69. http://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2302069, by IMR Press
Summary of pathophysiological processes linking HFpEF and CKD [41]. HFpEF and CKD share common risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, but a number of pathophysiological processes also contribute to the interplay between cardiac and renal dysfunction. CKD chronic kidney disease, HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.