Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to TyG index quartiles^a

Number of patients

1393

349

348

348

348

Male,n(%)

822 (59.0)

208 (59.6)

204 (58.6)

211 (60.6)

199 (57.2)

0.818

Age,years,(median [IQR])

71.00 [60.00, 81.00]

75.00 [63.00, 84.00]

73.50 [61.75, 82.00]

70.00 [59.75, 80.00]

66.00 [57.00, 75.00]

< 0.001

Race,n(%)

0.069

White

915 (65.7)

222 (63.6)

230 (66.1)

232 (66.7)

231 (66.4)

Black

97 (7.0)

38 (10.9)

22 (6.3)

20 (5.7)

17 (4.9)

Asian

32 (2.3)

11 (3.2)

9 (2.6)

4 (1.1)

8 (2.3)

Others

349 (25.1)

78 (22.3)

87 (25.0)

92 (26.4)

92 (26.4)

BMI,kg/m2,n(%)

0.001

 <30

415 (29.8)

117 (33.5)

114 (32.8)

97 (27.9)

87 (25.0)

 >=30

244 (17.5)

47 (13.5)

57 (16.4)

54 (15.5)

86 (24.7)

 Missing

734 (52.7)

185 (53.0)

177 (50.9)

197 (56.6)

175 (50.3)

ASPIII (median [IQR])

43.00 [32.00, 55.00]

41.00 [31.00, 52.00]

42.00 [32.00, 54.25]

43.00 [33.00, 55.00]

49.00 [35.00, 62.00]

< 0.001

SAPIII (median [IQR])

36.00 [29.00, 45.00]

35.00 [28.00, 43.00]

35.00 [30.00, 44.00]

37.00 [29.00, 46.00]

37.50 [29.00, 47.00]

0.11

SIRS score (median [IQR])

3.00 [2.00, 3.00]

2.00 [2.00, 3.00]

2.00 [2.00, 3.00]

3.00 [2.00, 3.00]

3.00 [2.00, 3.00]

< 0.001

SOFA score (median [IQR])

4.00 [2.00, 7.00]

4.00 [2.00, 7.00]

4.00 [2.00, 7.00]

4.00 [2.00, 7.00]

5.00 [3.00, 8.00]

< 0.001

Vital Signs

HR (median [IQR])

87.00 [75.00, 101.00]

85.00 [75.00, 100.00]

87.00 [75.00, 102.25]

87.00 [75.00, 99.00]

88.00 [78.00, 103.00]

0.183

SBP,mmhg,n(%)

0.268

 < 90

13 (0.9)

4 (1.1)

3 (0.9)

4 (1.1)

2 (0.6)

 >140

158 (11.3)

37 (10.6)

32 (9.2)

37 (10.6)

52 (14.9)

 90–140

496 (35.6)

124 (35.5)

124 (35.6)

115 (33.0)

133 (38.2)

 Missing

726 (52.1)

184 (52.7)

189 (54.3)

192 (55.2)

161 (46.3)

DBP,mmhg,n(%)

0.367

 < 60

94 (6.7)

28 (8.0)

24 (6.9)

19 (5.5)

23 (6.6)

 > 90

53 (3.8)

13 (3.7)

11 (3.2)

15 (4.3)

14 (4.0)

 60–90

520 (37.3)

124 (35.5)

124 (35.6)

122 (35.1)

150 (43.1)

 Missing

726 (52.1)

184 (52.7)

189 (54.3)

192 (55.2)

161 (46.3)

Laboratory tests

Lymphocyte,%,n(%)

< 0.001

 <7

281 (20.2)

49 (14.0)

74 (21.3)

76 (21.8)

82 (23.6)

 > 18.8

202 (14.5)

51 (14.6)

42 (12.1)

49 (14.1)

60 (17.2)

 11.50–18.80

253 (18.2)

74 (21.2)

63 (18.1)

65 (18.7)

51 (14.7)

 7–11.50

274 (19.7)

54 (15.5)

59 (17.0)

72 (20.7)

89 (25.6)

 Missing

383 (27.5)

121 (34.7)

110 (31.6)

86 (24.7)

66 (19.0)

Neutrophils,%,n(%)

< 0.001

 <69.8

211 (15.1)

58 (16.6)

50 (14.4)

46 (13.2)

57 (16.4)

 > 85.9

277 (19.9)

53 (15.2)

67 (19.3)

76 (21.8)

81 (23.3)

 69.8–79.60

251 (18.0)

68 (19.5)

55 (15.8)

71 (20.4)

57 (16.4)

 79.60–85.90

271 (19.5)

49 (14.0)

66 (19.0)

69 (19.8)

87 (25.0)

 Missing

383 (27.5)

121 (34.7)

110 (31.6)

86 (24.7)

66 (19.0)

Platelets,(K/uL),(median [IQR])

209.00 [161.00, 268.00]

198.00 [151.00, 254.00]

208.00 [165.00, 262.00]

212.00 [164.00, 273.50]

214.50 [165.75, 282.00]

0.03

WBC (median [IQR])

10.30 [7.60, 13.80]

8.40 [6.70, 11.40]

9.80 [7.70, 12.65]

11.60 [8.15, 14.60]

11.75 [8.60, 16.50]

< 0.001

RBC,m/uL,(median [IQR])

3.92 [3.41, 4.43]

3.91 [3.47, 4.40]

3.95 [3.41, 4.41]

3.96 [3.42, 4.44]

3.86 [3.35, 4.44]

0.825

Hemoglobin,g/dL,(median [IQR])

11.70 [10.10, 13.20]

11.70 [10.40, 13.20]

11.70 [10.10, 13.28]

11.80 [10.25, 13.25]

11.30 [9.80, 13.20]

0.312

PCO2,mmhg,(median [IQR])

41.00 [35.00, 48.00]

40.00 [34.00, 46.00]

40.00 [34.00, 48.00]

41.00 [35.50, 49.00]

41.00 [36.00, 49.00]

0.029

PH (median [IQR])

7.39 [7.33, 7.44]

7.41 [7.35, 7.44]

7.40 [7.36, 7.45]

7.39 [7.33, 7.44]

7.37 [7.30, 7.42]

< 0.001

PO2,mmhg,(median [IQR])

99.00 [63.25, 190.75]

102.00 [66.00, 241.00]

98.50 [67.00, 199.75]

89.00 [56.00, 161.50]

104.50 [65.75, 187.25]

0.073

Albumin,g/dL(median [IQR])

3.30 [2.80, 3.70]

3.50 [3.00, 3.80]

3.40 [2.90, 3.70]

3.20 [2.80, 3.70]

3.20 [2.70, 3.60]

< 0.001

BUN,mg/dL(median [IQR])

22.00 [16.00, 35.00]

21.00 [16.00, 31.00]

21.00 [16.00, 34.25]

23.00 [17.00, 37.00]

23.00 [16.00, 40.00]

0.022

SCR, mg/dL,(median [IQR])

1.10 [0.80, 1.50]

1.00 [0.80, 1.40]

1.00 [0.80, 1.40]

1.10 [0.90, 1.63]

1.10 [0.90, 1.80]

0.001

UCR,mg/dL,n(%)

0.058

 < 48

134 (9.6)

35 (10.0)

29 (8.3)

28 (8.0)

42 (12.1)

 > 122

135 (9.7)

30 (8.6)

30 (8.6)

42 (12.1)

33 (9.5)

 48–78

127 (9.1)

33 (9.5)

24 (6.9)

38 (10.9)

32 (9.2)

 78–122

132 (9.5)

22 (6.3)

33 (9.5)

43 (12.4)

34 (9.8)

 Missing

865 (62.1)

229 (65.6)

232 (66.7)

197 (56.6)

207 (59.5)

HDL,mg/dL,n(%)

< 0.001

 < 33

248 (17.8)

40 (11.5)

67 (19.3)

71 (20.4)

70 (20.1)

 > 53

238 (17.1)

98 (28.1)

71 (20.4)

40 (11.5)

29 (8.3)

 33–42

272 (19.5)

64 (18.3)

74 (21.3)

72 (20.7)

62 (17.8)

 42–53

258 (18.5)

87 (24.9)

61 (17.5)

61 (17.5)

49 (14.1)

 Missing

377 (27.1)

60 (17.2)

75 (21.6)

104 (29.9)

138 (39.7)

LDL,mg/dL,n(%)

< 0.001

 < 55

249 (17.9)

80 (22.9)

65 (18.7)

55 (15.8)

49 (14.1)

 > 103

245 (17.6)

52 (14.9)

58 (16.7)

74 (21.3)

61 (17.5)

 55–76

255 (18.3)

85 (24.4)

67 (19.3)

62 (17.8)

41 (11.8)

 76–103

250 (17.9)

71 (20.3)

82 (23.6)

53 (15.2)

44 (12.6)

 Missing

394 (28.3)

61 (17.5)

76 (21.8)

104 (29.9)

153 (44.0)

TG,mg/dL,(median [IQR])

113.00 [84.00, 164.00]

70.00 [57.00, 85.00]

104.00 [86.00, 119.25]

138.00 [108.00, 168.25]

209.50 [154.00, 290.25]

< 0.001

TC,mg/dL,n(%)

< 0.001

 <116

257 (18.4)

89 (25.5)

70 (20.1)

56 (16.1)

42 (12.1)

 >174

259 (18.6)

51 (14.6)

59 (17.0)

68 (19.5)

81 (23.3)

 116–145

275 (19.7)

92 (26.4)

77 (22.1)

59 (17.0)

47 (13.5)

 145–174

253 (18.2)

60 (17.2)

72 (20.7)

70 (20.1)

51 (14.7)

 Missing

349 (25.1)

57 (16.3)

70 (20.1)

95 (27.3)

127 (36.5)

Glucose,mg/dL,(median [IQR])

129.00 [106.00, 172.00]

104.00 [92.00, 120.00]

121.50 [104.00, 143.00]

141.50 [114.00, 173.00]

202.00 [147.00, 263.25]

< 0.001

HbA1c%,n(%)

< 0.001

 < 5.7

275 (19.7)

98 (28.1)

86 (24.7)

61 (17.5)

30 (8.6)

 > 6.4

261 (18.7)

27 (7.7)

53 (15.2)

62 (17.8)

119 (34.2)

 5.7–6.4

287 (20.6)

93 (26.6)

78 (22.4)

67 (19.3)

49 (14.1)

 Missing

570 (40.9)

131 (37.5)

131 (37.6)

158 (45.4)

150 (43.1)

TNTµg/L,n(%)

0.001

 <0.06

202 (14.5)

60 (17.2)

51 (14.7)

49 (14.1)

42 (12.1)

 >0.975

203 (14.6)

34 (9.7)

45 (12.9)

54 (15.5)

70 (20.1)

 0.06–0.25

208 (14.9)

45 (12.9)

55 (15.8)

52 (14.9)

56 (16.1)

 0.25–0.975

198 (14.2)

36 (10.3)

61 (17.5)

56 (16.1)

45 (12.9)

 Missing

582 (41.8)

174 (49.9)

136 (39.1)

137 (39.4)

135 (38.8)

CKMB(IU/L),n(%)

0.299

 < 3

180 (12.9)

49 (14.0)

46 (13.2)

45 (12.9)

40 (11.5)

 > 18

280 (20.1)

66 (18.9)

55 (15.8)

84 (24.1)

75 (21.6)

 3–6

2 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

 6–18

13 (0.9)

2 (0.6)

6 (1.7)

2 (0.6)

3 (0.9)

 Missing

918 (65.9)

232 (66.5)

240 (69.0)

217 (62.4)

229 (65.8)

NT-proBNP,pg/mL,n(%)

0.27

 <1632

78 (5.6)

21 (6.0)

16 (4.6)

14 (4.0)

27 (7.8)

 >10,521

78 (5.6)

20 (5.7)

17 (4.9)

23 (6.6)

18 (5.2)

 1632–3955

78 (5.6)

14 (4.0)

20 (5.7)

21 (6.0)

23 (6.6)

 3955–10521

77 (5.5)

13 (3.7)

26 (7.5)

22 (6.3)

16 (4.6)

 Missing

1082 (77.7)

281 (80.5)

269 (77.3)

268 (77.0)

264 (75.9)

CRP(mg/L),n(%)

0.295

 < 13.95

41 (2.9)

15 (4.3)

13 (3.7)

8 (2.3)

5 (1.4)

 >134.4

41 (2.9)

7 (2.0)

9 (2.6)

12 (3.4)

13 (3.7)

 13.95–57.90

41 (2.9)

9 (2.6)

10 (2.9)

14 (4.0)

8 (2.3)

 57.90-134.4

40 (2.9)

6 (1.7)

14 (4.0)

11 (3.2)

9 (2.6)

 Missing

1230 (88.3)

312 (89.4)

302 (86.8)

303 (87.1)

313 (89.9)

Potassium,mmol/L,(median [IQR])

4.10 [3.80, 4.50]

4.10 [3.70, 4.50]

4.10 [3.80, 4.50]

4.10 [3.80, 4.50]

4.20 [3.80, 4.70]

0.03

Sodium,mmol/L,(median [IQR])

139.00 [136.00, 141.00]

140.00 [136.00, 142.00]

139.00 [136.00, 142.00]

139.00 [136.00, 141.00]

138.00 [135.00, 141.00]

< 0.001

TyG index,(median [IQR])

4.82 [4.61, 5.07]

4.47 [4.37, 4.55]

4.71 [4.67, 4.78]

4.94 [4.88, 5.00]

5.28 [5.17, 5.48]

< 0.001

Comorbidities,n (%)

AF,n(%)

613 (44.0)

185 (53.0)

165 (47.4)

132 (37.9)

131 (37.6)

< 0.001

AMI,n(%)

485 (34.8)

82 (23.5)

122 (35.1)

137 (39.4)

144 (41.4)

< 0.001

CKD,n(%)

383 (27.5)

96 (27.5)

89 (25.6)

96 (27.6)

102 (29.3)

0.748

COPD,n(%)

164 (11.8)

41 (11.7)

47 (13.5)

47 (13.5)

29 (8.3)

0.113

Dyslipidemia,n(%)

658 (47.2)

156 (44.7)

168 (48.3)

159 (45.7)

175 (50.3)

0.443

Diabetes,n(%)

524 (37.6)

65 (18.6)

105 (30.2)

135 (38.8)

219 (62.9)

< 0.001

Hypertension,n(%)

494 (35.5)

130 (37.2)

121 (34.8)

123 (35.3)

120 (34.5)

0.871

PCI,n(%)

189 (13.6)

29 (8.3)

45 (12.9)

55 (15.8)

60 (17.2)

0.003

CABG,n(%)

69 (5.0)

14 (4.0)

11 (3.2)

17 (4.9)

27 (7.8)

0.031

Medications

ARNI,n(%)

11 (0.8)

2 (0.6)

4 (1.1)

3 (0.9)

2 (0.6)

0.798

ACEI,n(%)

634 (45.5)

164 (47.0)

164 (47.1)

172 (49.4)

134 (38.5)

0.021

ARB,n(%)

135 (9.7)

25 (7.2)

40 (11.5)

38 (10.9)

32 (9.2)

0.209

Beta blocker,n(%)

1090 (78.2)

267 (76.5)

276 (79.3)

287 (82.5)

260 (74.7)

0.07

Digoxin, n(%)

165 (11.8)

48 (13.8)

53 (15.2)

34 (9.8)

30 (8.6)

0.019

Loop diuretics,n(%),n(%)

1129 (81.0)

277 (79.4)

284 (81.6)

282 (81.0)

286 (82.2)

0.8

Events

AKI^b,n(%)

1154 (82.8)

277 (79.4)

287 (82.5)

294 (84.5)

296 (85.1)

0.183