Obesity and atrial fibrillation: a narrative review from arrhythmogenic mechanisms to clinical significance

Table 1 Epidemiological studies illustrating the association between obesity and AF

Adjusted risk (obesity vs. normal weight)	AF	Follow up (years)	Definition of obesity	Total	Time period	Country	Design	Study	References
HR 1.54 (male); HR 1.46 (female)	526	13.7	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	5282	1979–1999	USA	Observational cohort	Wang et al. 2004	[25]
HR 2.35 (male); HR 1.99 (female)	533	5.7	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	47,589	1993–2001	Denmark	Observational cohort	Frost et al. 2005	[14]
HR 1.36	1810	10	BMI > 30 kg/m²	8051	1994–2004	USA	Retrospective analysis	Zacharias et al.2005	[26]
HR 1.65	834	12.9	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	34,309	1993–2008	USA	Observational cohort	Tedrow et al. 2010	[16]
HR 2.04	110	4.6	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	271,203	2004–2009	Denmark	Observational cohort	Karasoy et al. 2013	[17]
HR 2.9	287	1.5	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	7169	1999–2009	Sweden	Observational cohort	Grundvold et al. 2015	[21]
HR 2.41	288	6	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	18,290	2000–2007	USA	Observational cohort	Berkovitch et al. 2016	[18]
HR 1.2	5106	7.5	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²	389,321	2004–2006	Korea	Retrospective analysis	Lee et al. 2017	[20]
OR 1.4	1511	8	BMI > 30 kg/m²	67,278	2006–2013	USA	Observational cohort	Foy et al. 2018	[27]
HR 1.24	1959	4.95	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²	17,134	2002–2009	Korea	Observational cohort	Lim et al. 2019	[28]
HR 1.327	196,136	8.17	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	9,797,418	2009–2017	Korea	Observational cohort	Kim et al. 2019	[22]

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