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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the five groups

From: The impact of the stress hyperglycemia ratio on mortality and rehospitalization rate in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and diabetes

Characteristics

Overall

n = 780

Quintile 1

SHR ≤ 0.64

n = 156

Quintile 2

0.64 < SHR ≤ 0.77

n = 156

Quintile 3

0.77 < SHR ≤ 0.90

n = 156

Quintile 4

0.90 < SHR ≤ 1.14

n = 156

Quintile 5

SHR > 1.14

n = 156

P

SHR

0.84 [0.68, 1.07]

0.57 [0.47, 0.60]

0.72 [0.68, 0.74]

0.84 [0.81, 0.86]

1.01 [0.94, 1.07]

1.40 [1.25, 1.60]

 < 0.001

ABG, mmol/L

8.30 [6.55, 11.0]

5.30 [4.57, 6.62]

6.50 [5.80, 7.90]

7.50 [6.70, 8.60]

9.00 [7.90, 10.8]

12.8 [10.5, 16.1]

 < 0.001

HbA1C, %

7.64 ± 1.53

8.15 ± 1.81

7.62 ± 1.54

7.53 ± 1.25

7.47 ± 1.41

7.42 ± 1.46

 < 0.001

Age, years

68.9 ± 12.7

67.8 ± 13.0

70.2 ± 13.1

67.2 ± 13.1

69.4 ± 11.5

70.0 ± 12.4

0.144

Female

286 (36.7)

61 (39.1)

58 (37.2)

52 (33.3)

61 (39.1)

54 (34.6)

0.764

BMI, kg/m2

25.6 ± 4.5

26.0 ± 4.6

25.9 ± 4.5

26.1 ± 4.4

24.9 ± 4.2

25.0 ± 4.5

0.023

Smoking

273 (35.0)

59 (37.8)

53 (34.0)

51 (32.7)

52 (33.3)

58 (37.2)

0.827

Laboratory tests

       

 NT-proBNP, pg/mL

2820 [1192, 6681]

2584 [1207, 5905]

2116 [895, 4755]

2675 [1195, 5850]

2804 [1165, 7038]

4494 [1639, 11815]

 < 0.001

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.10 [1.63, 2.76]

2.03 [1.48, 2.75]

2.02 [1.53, 2.71]

2.27 [1.74, 2.81]

2.13 [1.67, 2.83]

2.09 [1.69, 2.71]

0.209

 TC, mmol/L

3.78 ± 1.16

3.78 ± 1.39

3.69 ± 1.07

3.87 ± 1.08

3.79 ± 1.17

3.75 ± 1.09

0.758

 HDL-C, mmol/L

0.92 ± 0.26

0.91 ± 0.27

0.93 ± 0.25

0.90 ± 0.23

0.94 ± 0.31

0.91 ± 0.24

0.587

 TG, mmol/L

1.26 [0.94, 1.73]

1.19 [0.91, 1.81]

1.17 [0.88, 1.67]

1.36 [1.03, 1.96]

1.30 [1.01, 1.63]

1.22 [0.91, 1.66]

0.049

 Cr, μmol/L

108 [88, 157]

112 [87, 164]

105 [89, 147]

103 [85, 144]

104 [86, 148]

118 [97, 201]

0.008

 HGB, g/L

121 ± 24

120 ± 24

124 ± 22

124 ± 23

119 ± 22

117 ± 26

0.035

 cTnT, ng/mL

0.04 [0.02, 0.15]

0.04 [0.02, 0.11]

0.03 [0.02, 0.07]

0.04 [0.02, 0.13]

0.05 [0.02, 0.14]

0.10 [0.03, 0.62]

 < 0.001

 TSH, mIU/L

1.90 [1.07, 3.00]

1.90 [1.03, 3.05]

1.93 [1.16, 2.97]

1.92 [1.20, 3.46]

1.91 [1.08, 3.04]

1.54 [0.80, 2.77]

0.233

 FT3, pg/mL

2.57 ± 0.58

2.54 ± 0.51

2.63 ± 0.54

2.63 ± 0.50

2.62 ± 0.62

2.46 ± 0.69

0.045

 FT4, ng/dL

1.26 [1.12, 1.42]

1.26 [1.12, 1.41]

1.26 [1.12, 1.42]

1.27 [1.12, 1.43]

1.27 [1.15, 1.41]

1.24 [1.12, 1.44]

0.943

Vital signs

       

 Heart rate, beats/min

86 [75, 108]

90 [77, 102]

90 [79, 102]

83 [74, 108]

86 [77, 102]

85 [69, 116]

0.931

 SBP, mmHg

135 ± 21

134 ± 22

134 ± 19

138 ± 19

136 ± 20

135 ± 25

0.484

 DBP, mmHg

75 ± 13

73 ± 13

75 ± 14

78 ± 15

75 ± 12

73 ± 12

0.020

Echocardiography

       

 LVEF

47.5 ± 16.5

48.9 ± 17.7

50.3 ± 17.3

45.5 ± 15.2

48.3 ± 16.2

44.4 ± 15.7

0.008

 E/E’

12.7 ± 5.7

12.8 ± 6.0

11.4 ± 4.4

12.4 ± 4.6

12.9 ± 6.4

13.9 ± 6.7

0.005

 LVEDD

54.6 ± 8.6

53.8 ± 8.2

53.8 ± 9.1

56.3 ± 8.9

53.8 ± 7.9

55.1 ± 8.6

0.029

Comorbidity

       

 Hypertension

622 (79.7)

123 (78.8)

114 (73.1)

131 (84.0)

129 (82.7)

125 (80.1)

0.522

 Coronary heart disease

556 (71.3)

113 (72.4)

104 (66.7)

111 (71.2)

110 (70.5)

118 (75.6)

0.001

 Myocardial infarction

343 (44.0)

65 (41.7)

51 (32.7)

72 (46.2)

66 (42.3)

89 (57.1)

0.003

 Atrial fibrillation

236 (30.3)

44 (28.2)

66 (42.3)

45 (28.8)

46 (29.5)

35 (22.4)

0.003

 Hyperlipidemia

318 (40.8)

69 (44.2)

55 (35.3)

70 (44.9)

60 (38.5)

64 (41.0)

0.383

 Hyperthyroidism

38 (5.05)

3 (2.01)

8 (5.30)

11 (7.33)

7 (4.61)

9 (5.96)

0.304

 Chronic kidney disease

160 (20.5)

31 (19.9)

30 (19.2)

23 (14.7)

36 (23.1)

40 (25.6)

0.163

Medication

       

 Glucose-lowering therapy

       

  Insulin

356 (45.6)

94 (60.3)

54 (34.6)

52 (33.3)

70 (44.9)

86 (55.1)

 < 0.001

  Metformin

159 (20.4)

33 (21.2)

30 (19.2)

42 (26.9)

33 (21.2)

21 (13.5)

0.062

  SGLT2i

233 (29.9)

42 (26.9)

47 (30.1)

52 (33.3)

50 (32.1)

42 (26.9)

0.636

  Other hypoglycemic drugs

264 (33.8)

52 (33.3)

51 (32.7)

60 (38.5)

54 (34.6)

47 (30.1)

0.627

CVD medication

       

 ACEI/ARB/ARNI

414 (53.1)

85 (54.5)

83 (53.2)

95 (60.9)

78 (50.0)

73 (46.8)

0.135

 Beta blocker

447 (57.3)

107 (68.6)

80 (51.3)

86 (55.1)

86 (55.1)

88 (56.4)

0.026

 CCB

206 (26.4)

43 (27.6)

39 (25.0)

45 (28.8)

41 (26.3)

38 (24.4)

0.897

 MRA

218 (27.9)

42 (26.9)

45 (28.8)

54 (34.6)

35 (22.4)

42 (26.9)

0.197

 Loop diuretics

482 (61.8)

94 (60.3)

98 (62.8)

96 (61.5)

100 (64.1)

94 (60.3)

0.946

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range] or n (%)
  2. ABG admission blood glucose, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, ARNI angiotensin receptor II blocker—neprilysin inhibitor, BMI body mass index, CCB calcium channel blockers, Cr creatinine, cTnT troponin T, CVD cardiovascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, E/E’ the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to septal mitral annulus tissue relaxation velocity in early diastole, FT3 free triiodothyronine, FT4 free thyroxine, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HGB hemoglobin, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction, MRA aldosterone receptor antagonist, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, SBP systolic blood pressure, SGLT2i sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, SHR stress hyperglycemia ratio, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840