Table 1 Baseline characteristics of SGLT2-I users, GLP1-RA users, SU users, and DPP4-I usersa,b
Characteristic | SGLT2-I users N = 13,736 | GLP1-RA users N = 11,512 | SU users N = 12,851 | DPP4-I users N = 36,146 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Median follow-up time (years(IQR)) | 1.6 (0.7–2.9) | 3.8 (1.7–5.9) | 3.8 (2.1–5.6) | 3.1 (1.6–4.9) |
Median duration of T2D (years(IQR)) | 6.6 (2.8–10.1) | 5.4 (2.3–8.9) | 2.9 (0.8–5.6) | 4.1 (1.6–7.1) |
Number of women | 5283 (38.5) | 5183 (45.0) | 5379 (41.9) | 14,301 (39.6) |
Age | ||||
 Mean age at index date (years(SD)) | 59.6 (11.3) | 56.3 (12.3) | 62.2 (12.8) | 62.5 (12.4) |
 18–49 | 2467 (18.0) | 3203 (27.8) | 2123 (16.5) | 5529 (15.3) |
 50–59 | 4129 (30.1) | 3458 (30.0) | 3103 (24.1) | 8816 (24.4) |
 60–69 | 4400 (32.0) | 3233 (28.1) | 3754 (29.2) | 10,786 (29.8) |
 70 +  | 2740 (19.9) | 1618 (14.1) | 3871 (30.1) | 11,015 (30.5) |
Educationc | ||||
 Basic | 4783 (34.8) | 4015 (34.9) | 5408 (42.1) | 13,865 (38.4) |
 Secondary | 6664 (48.5) | 5473 (47.5) | 5533 (43.1) | 16,400 (45.4) |
 Higher | 1893 (13.8) | 1718 (14.9) | 1411 (11.0) | 4713 (13.0) |
 Missing | 396 (2.9) | 306 (2.7) | 499 (3.9) | 1168 (3.2) |
Income category | ||||
 Low | 5312 (38.7) | 4674 (40.6) | 6717 (52.3) | 16,570 (45.8) |
 Normal | 5731 (41.7) | 4758 (41.3) | 4333 (33.7) | 13,406 (37.1) |
 High | 2628 (19.1) | 2058 (17.9) | 1670 (13.0) | 5985 (16.6) |
 Missing | 65 (0.5) | 22 (0.2) | 131 (1.0) | 185 (0.5) |
 Immigrant status | 2585 (18.8) | 1868 (16.2) | 2591 (20.2) | 6404 (17.7) |
History of comorbidities | ||||
 Hypertension | 5288 (38.5) | 4422 (38.4) | 4228 (32.9) | 12,918 (35.7) |
 Ischaemic heart disease | 2872 (20.9) | 2252 (19.6) | 2496 (19.4) | 7227 (20.0) |
 Pulmonary heart disease | 192 (1.4) | 202 (1.8) | 193 (1.5) | 706 (2.0) |
 Heart failure | 945 (6.9) | 775 (6.7) | 866 (6.7) | 2792 (7.7) |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 1158 (8.4) | 879 (7.6) | 1273 (9.9) | 3587 (9.9) |
 Atherosclerosis | 1127 (8.2) | 949 (8.2) | 1182 (9.2) | 3202 (8.9) |
 Peripheral arterial disease | 534 (3.9) | 413 (3.6) | 552 (4.3) | 1714 (4.7) |
 Hyperlipidaemia | 2943 (21.4) | 2410 (20.9) | 2045 (15.9) | 6295 (17.4) |
 Renal disease | 141 (1.0) | 222 (1.9) | 341 (2.7) | 1293 (3.6) |
 Retinopathy | 1124 (8.2) | 873 (7.6) | 743 (5.8) | 2288 (6.3) |
 Neuropathy | 1937 (14.1) | 1681 (14.6) | 1175 (9.1) | 3848 (10.6) |
 Bacterial foot infection | 172 (1.3) | 163 (1.4) | 161 (1.3) | 399 (1.1) |
 Fungal foot infection | 15 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 21 (0.2) | 41 (0.1) |
 Osteomyelitis | 44 (0.3) | 47 (0.4) | 38 (0.3) | 103 (0.3) |
 Lower limb amputation | 96 (0.7) | 85 (0.7) | 69 (0.5) | 238 (0.7) |
 Diabetic foot ulcer | 644 (4.7) | 606 (5.3) | 397 (3.1) | 1327 (3.7) |
Signs of hypovolemia in the year before index date | ||||
 Volume depletion | 176 (1.3) | 163 (1.4) | 277 (2.2) | 935 (2.6) |
 Anuria or oliguria | 5 (0.0) | < 5 (0.0) | 7 (0.1) | 11 (0.0) |
 Hypotension | 110 (0.8) | 66 (0.6) | 100 (0.8) | 353 (1.0) |
Drugs prescriptions in the 6 months before index date | ||||
 Insulin | 2513 (18.3) | 1977 (17.2) | 107 (0.8) | 1186 (3.3) |
 Loop diuretics | 1464 (10.7) | 1225 (10.6) | 1250 (9.7) | 4659 (12.9) |
 Thiazide diuretics | 1880 (13.7) | 1237 (10.7) | 1397 (10.9) | 4333 (12.0) |
 Potassium sparing diuretics | 824 (6.0) | 580 (5.0) | 548 (4.3) | 1863 (5.2) |
 Beta-blockers | 3532 (25.7) | 2121 (18.4) | 2544 (19.8) | 8372 (23.2) |
 Calcium-channel blockers | 3849 (28.0) | 2294 (19.9) | 2350 (18.3) | 8557 (23.7) |
 ACE inhibitors | 4609 (33.6) | 2757 (23.9) | 3037 (23.6) | 10,327 (28.6) |
 ARBs | 4502 (32.8) | 2595 (22.5) | 2503 (19.5) | 9006 (24.9) |
 Digoxin | 367 (2.7) | 201 (1.7) | 388 (3.0) | 1297 (3.6) |
 Organic nitrates | 493 (3.6) | 280 (2.4) | 346 (2.7) | 1170 (3.2) |
 Antithrombotic agents | 5198 (37.8) | 2939 (25.5) | 3423 (26.6) | 11,914 (33.0) |
 Lipid lowering drugs | 9808 (71.4) | 5559 (48.3) | 6085 (47.4) | 21,450 (59.3) |