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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes who hospitalized for acute heart failure

From: Association of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors with post-discharge outcomes in patients with acute heart failure with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study

Characteristics†

SGLT2i

No SGLT2i

aSD

N = 818 (%)

N = 28,472 (%)

Before weighting

After weighting‡

 

Age, years

     

Mean (std)

69.1 (12.2)

74.2 (10.7)

0.449

0.027

 

Sex

     

Male

406 (49.6)

12,445 (43.7)

0.119

0.035

 

Female

412 (50.4)

16,027 (56.3)

   

Heart failure status

     

Acute de novo

593 (72.5)

19,035 (66.9)

0.123

0.040

 

Decompensated

225 (27.5)

9,437 (33.1)

   

Comorbidity

     

Atrial fibrillation

109 (13.3)

4,334 (15.2)

0.054

0.006

 

Cancer

65 (7.9)

2,433 (8.5)

0.022

0.070

 

Cardiac surgery

23 (2.8)

883 (3.1)

0.017

0.036

 

Cerebrovascular disease

58 (7.1)

3,449 (12.1)

0.171

0.060

 

Chronic kidney disease

28 (3.4)

3,095 (10.9)

0.292

0.214

 

Chronic respiratory disease

198 (24.2)

7,910 (27.8)

0.082

0.037

 

Coronary artery disease

157 (19.2)

7,250 (25.5)

0.151

0.025

 

Dyslipidemia

289 (35.3)

10,012 (35.2)

0.003

0.053

 

Hypertension

493 (60.3)

18,538 (65.1)

0.100

0.048

 

Peripheral artery disease

82 (10.0)

3,316 (11.6)

0.052

0.008

 

Comedications

     

Antiplatelets/anticoagulants

543 (66.4)

21,197 (74.4)

0.177

0.034

 

Beta-blockers

379 (46.3)

14,700 (51.6)

0.106

0.018

 

Calcium channel blockers

401 (49.0)

16,578 (58.2)

0.185

0.006

 

Digoxin

109 (13.3)

3,798 (13.3)

0.000

0.026

 

Diuretics

464 (56.7)

18,762 (65.9)

0.189

0.019

 

Lipid lowering drugs

558 (68.2)

20,804 (73.1)

0.107

0.017

 

Nitrates

150 (18.3)

6,745 (23.7)

0.132

0.051

 

RASi

556 (68.0)

20,573 (72.3)

0.094

0.035

 

ARNi

8 (1.0)

108 (0.4)

0.073

0.013

 

Antidiabetic medications

     

Insulin

222 (27.1)

10,232 (35.9)

0.190

0.015

 

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

40 (4.9)

1,168 (4.1)

0.038

0.026

 

GLP-1 receptor agonists

10 (1.2)

157 (0.6)

0.072

0.044

 

Meglitinides

5 (0.6)

407 (1.4)

0.081

0.113

 

Metformin

724 (88.5)

22,115 (77.7)

0.292

0.053

 

Sulfonylureas

510 (62.3)

15,711 (55.2)

0.146

0.114

 

Thiazolidinediones

148 (18.1)

3,675 (12.9)

0.144

0.101

 

DPP4i

575 (70.3)

22,112 (77.7)

0.169

0.058

 

Level of antidiabetic treatment §

     

1

77 (9.4)

3,382 (11.9)

0.080

0.091

 

2

519 (63.4)

14,858 (52.2)

0.230

0.070

 

3

222 (27.1)

10,232 (35.9)

0.190

0.015

 

Healthcare use

     

No. of hospitalizations

     

0

473 (57.8)

13,050 (45.8)

0.242

0.088

 

1–2

279 (34.1)

11,473 (40.3)

0.128

0.047

 

≥3

66 (8.1)

3,949 (13.9)

0.186

0.063

 

No. of outpatient visits,

     

0–2

6 (0.7)

116 (0.4)

0.043

0.071

 

3–5

18 (2.2)

306 (1.1)

0.089

0.014

 

≥6

794 (97.1)

28,050 (98.5)

0.099

0.055

 

Medications at discharge

     

RASi

719 (87.9)

23,122 (81.2)

0.186

0.036

 

Beta-blockers

163 (19.9)

4,786 (16.8)

0.081

0.035

 

MRA

534 (65.3)

12,826 (45.0)

0.416

0.027

 

ARNi

39 (4.8)

274 (1.0)

0.230

0.045

 
  1. † All covariates, except for medications at discharge, were assessed within a year before cohort entry date, including the cohort entry date
  2. ‡ Based on the propensity score, inverse probability of treatment weighting with asymmetrical trimming was applied to balance exposed and comparator groups conditional on measured covariates. This method generated a pseudo population of weighted patients with similar distribution of measured covariates in the exposed and comparator groups
  3. § Use of antidiabetic drugs past 365 days before the cohort entry date: level 1, only one class of non-insulin antidiabetic medications; level 2, at least two classes of non-insulin antidiabetic medications; or level 3 at least one insulin treatment as alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications
  4. Abbreviations: ARNi, angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; HF, heart failure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RASi, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; std, standard deviation; aSD, absolute standardized difference
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840