Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study populations (N = 6997) according to different combinations of BMI and VFA

Participants

2531(36.2%)

329(4.7%)

1495(21.4%)

1485(21.2%)

194(2.8%)

963(13.8%)

NA

Males

1456(57.5%)

244(74.2%)

955(63.9%)

1041(70.1%)

111(57.2%)

621(64.5%)

< 0.001

Age, yr

55.00(47.00, 62.00)

57.00(49.00, 62.00)

55.00(48.00, 61.00)

55.00(48.00, 63.00)

54.00(40.00, 62.00)

55.00(48.00, 62.00)

< 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m2

22.13(20.89, 23.13)

23.09(22.37, 23.55)

25.39(24.65, 26.23)

26.12(25.15, 26.98)

29.08(28.54, 30.74)

30.13(28.89, 32.52)

< 0.001

Visceral fat area, cm2

61.00(44.00, 77.00)

111.00(104.00, 121.85)

81.40(69.00, 91.00)

119.25(108.20, 135.03)

86.80(78.00, 95.00)

144.70(122.00, 171.70)

< 0.001

Subcutaneous fat area, cm2

122.00(100.13, 145.00)

151.10(132.00, 171.45)

168.00(147.00, 193.70)

185.55(164.00, 210.00)

229.40(203.63, 278.18)

252.00(217.00, 301.90)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

123.00(113.00, 136.00)

129.00(118.50, 144.00)

129.00(119.00, 141.00)

130.00(120.00, 141.00)

133.00(123.00, 141.00)

135.00(125.00, 147.00)

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

73.00(66.00, 80.00)

76.00(68.00, 83.00)

75.00(68.00, 82.00)

77.00(70.00, 85.00)

78.00(70.00, 86.00)

80.00(73.00, 88.00)

< 0.001

Hypertension

839(33.1%)

160(48.6%)

651(43.5%)

770(51.9%)

89(45.9%)

616(64.0%)

< 0.001

Smoking

727(28.7%)

133(40.4%)

473(31.6%)

581(39.1%)

34(17.5%)

312(32.4%)

< 0.001

Drinking

672(30.9%)

127(50.4%)

439(33.3%)

556(44.5%)

27(15.6%)

327(38.9%)

< 0.001

Family history of diabetes

1086(42.9%)

142(43.2%)

625(41.8%)

626(42.2%)

82(42.3%)

384(39.9%)

0.724

Laboratory variables

Glycosylated haemoglobin A_1c, mmol/mol

63.93(47.54, 87.07)

68.31(51.91, 87.98)

62.84(48.63, 85.25)

65.03(51.91, 84.70)

59.02(45.68, 85.25)

7.80(61.75, 80.33)

0.025

Glycosylated haemoglobin A_1c, %

8.00(6.50, 10.30)

8.40(6.90, 10.20)

7.90(6.60, 9.95)

8.10(6.90, 9.90)

7.55(6.33, 9.95)

7.80(6.60, 9.50)

0.025

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L

7.71(6.12, 10.31)

7.95(6.32, 10.28)

8.00(6.51, 10.65)

8.16(6.69, 10.52)

7.47(6.02, 10.14)

7.85(6.49, 9.84)

< 0.001

2 h postprandial blood glucose, mmol/L

15.14(10.94, 19.32)

15.27(11.57, 19.51)

15.10(11.21, 18.90)

14.71(11.32, 18.00)

13.25(8.88, 17.66)

14.09(10.81, 17.85)

< 0.001

Fasting insulin, µIU/mL

5.80(3.10, 10.30)

6.50(3.70, 10.92)

8.40(5.10, 14.14)

8.70(5.76, 13.70)

13.89(7.47, 29.83)

11.73(7.07, 19.54)

< 0.001

2 h postprandial insulin, µIU/mL

21.97(11.70, 39.78)

24.44(14.62, 45.13)

31.24(16.60, 54.94)

30.61(18.26, 52.88)

40.10(23.24, 117.99)

38.70(21.80, 73.80)

< 0.001

Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL

0.44(0.16, 1.46)

1.30(0.32, 2.10)

0.37(0.19, 1.85)

1.70 (0.29, 2.59)

0.33(0.22, 1.76)

1.10(0.27, 2.75)

< 0.001

2 h postprandial C-peptide, ng/mL

1.40(0.46, 3.90)

3.86(0.88, 5.60)

1.13(0.48, 4.82)

4.03(0.76, 6.56)

1.02(0.50, 3.98)

2.60(0.68, 6.61)

< 0.001

Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance

2.13(1.09, 4.01)

2.45(1.25, 4.14)

3.19(1.74, 5.60)

3.30(2.08, 5.50)

4.67(2.46, 13.31)

4.36(2.37, 7.45)

< 0.001

Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function

26.07(11.92, 56.39)

25.42(13.51, 50.69)

37.07(19.97, 72.95)

37.15(20.67, 66.18)

77.47(29.46, 201.27)

50.82(29.02, 99.94)

< 0.001

Triglyceride, mg/dL

1.21(0.85, 1.82)

1.68(1.16, 2.47)

1.45(1.03, 2.13)

1.75(1.23, 2.57)

1.52(1.12, 2.30)

1.73(1.24, 2.54)

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

4.72(4.08, 5.42)

5.06(4.28, 5.70)

4.79(4.17, 5.50)

4.89(4.27, 5.72)

4.89(4.14, 5.61)

4.91(4.22, 5.64)

< 0.001

High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL

1.23(1.03, 1.47)

1.13(0.97, 1.30)

1.14(0.97, 1.38)

1.08(0.92, 1.28)

1.10(0.95, 1.27)

1.11(0.95, 1.28)

< 0.001

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL

2.68(2.16, 3.29)

2.77(2.28, 3.33)

2.75(2.22, 3.34)

2.79(2.26, 3.36)

3.07(2.44, 3.51)

2.86(2.22, 3.50)

< 0.001

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

60.50(51.00, 72.10)

66.00(56.00, 80.60)

61.40(51.95, 73.55)

67.00(56.00, 79.20)

64.10(50.00, 76.00)

66.00(54.00, 78.00)

< 0.001

Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L

19.00(14.00, 29.00)

25.00(16.00, 41.50)

23.00(17.00, 35.00)

27.00(18.00, 41.00)

30.50(21.00, 50.88)

31.00(20.00, 50.00)

< 0.001

Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L

19.00(15.13, 25.00)

21.00(17.00, 30.00)

20.00(16.75, 26.00)

21.00(16.98, 28.00)

23.20(19.00, 35.83)

24.00(18.00, 35.00)

< 0.001

Gamma glutamyl-transpeptidase, IU/L

22.00(15.00, 36.00)

33.00(20.00, 60.50)

26.00(18.00, 43.00)

34.00(23.00, 55.00)

34.00(20.02, 56.75)

37.00(24.00, 61.00)

< 0.001