Table 2 Plasma concentrations of dihydroceramides (DhCer) and ceramides (Cer)
From: Liraglutide reduces plasma dihydroceramide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
Characteristic | Controls | T2D patients—Liraglutide | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (M0) | After 6 months of treatment (M6) | % change M6-M0 [95%CI] | ||
No. subjects | 35 | 86 | ||
Total DhCer | 232 [187–299] | 262 [201–395]* | 254 [191–349]### | − 15.1 [− 4.7 to − 23.6] |
14:0 DhCer | 0.33 [0.18–0.48] | 0.58 [0.45–0.76]*** | 0.55 [0.44–0.70]‡‡‡ | − 5.5 [− 17.6 to 11.1] |
16:0 DhCer | 2.95 [2.64–3.71] | 4.21 [2.88–5.56]* | 3.81 [2.92–4.92]#‡ | − 11.0 [− 21.9 to 1.9] |
18:0 DhCer | 4.8 [3.3–7.1] | 13.1 [10.2–24.5]**** | 10.4 [8.13–17.5]####‡‡‡‡ | − 26.0 [− 37.0 to − 13.9] |
18:1 DhCer | 0.74 [0.44–1.10] | 3.52 [2.33–5.58]**** | 3.06 [1.86–4.16]###‡‡‡‡ | − 19.9 [− 31.6 to − 10.5] |
20:0 DhCer | 3.31 [2.05–4.05] | 9.55 [6.14–13.0]**** | 7.37 [5.01–10.7]###‡‡‡‡ | − 17.9 [− 26.3 to − 0.2] |
22:0 DhCer | 35 [27–50] | 52 [38–79]*** | 48 [35–67]‡‡ | − 16.2 [− 23.6 to 3.4] |
23:0 DhCer | 37 [29–57] | 41 [28–67] | 35 [24–55]## | − 13.4 [− 32.1 to − 3.3] |
24:0 DhCer | 95 [59–153] | 82 [56–143] | 81 [49–123] | − 12.2 [− 21.8 to 2.4] |
24:1 DhCer | 43 [38–58] | 54 [38–94]* | 52 [40–73]# | − 15.8 [− 22.1 to 1.4] |
26:0 DhCer | 1.78 [0.23–3.72] | 0.48 [0.23–1.12]* | 0.44 [0.25–1.01]‡‡ | − 5.1 [− 21.3 to 4.9] |
26:1 DhCer | 2.07 [0.11–4.34] | 0.19 [0.06–0.44]* | 0.19 [0.06–0.63]‡ | − 7.2 [− 43.6 to 11.1] |
Total Cer | 1882 [1472–6100] | 3585 [2353–4650] | 3052 [2411–4118] | − 7.5 [− 16.5 to 6.4] |
14:0 Cer | 8.47 [5.95–17.2] | 10.8 [8.75–13.4] | 11.5 [8.72–13.8] | − 1.1 [− 7.6 to 11.2] |
16:0 Cer | 23.9 [20.8–30.9] | 23.6 [20.0–27.0] | 23.1 [20.2–26.6] | − 2.0 [− 7.1 to 7.44] |
17:0 Cer | 2.32 [1.92–2.73] | 2.66 [2.29–3.13] | 2.57 [2.12–2.95] | − 5.8 [− 11.7 to 5.1] |
18:0 Cer | 1.01 [0.52–22.2] | 34.7 [21.7–46.1]**** | 30.5 [16.9–38.8]####‡‡‡‡ | − 17.4 [− 23.4 to − 8.8] |
18:1 Cer | 1.11 [0.86–1.25] | 1.43 [1.18–1.68]*** | 1.26 [0.99–1.42]#### | − 16.0 [− 21.3 to − 7.2] |
19:0 Cer | 0.20 [0.11–2.02] | 2.15 [1.51–2.62]**** | 1.94 [1.33–2.45]##‡‡‡‡ | − 11.0 [− 19.9 to − 1.5] |
20:0 Cer | 8.7 [7.4–98] | 83 [54–121]** | 79 [47–110]‡‡ | − 13.2 [− 18.7 to 8.1] |
21:0 Cer | 1.0 [0.6–15.7] | 12.9 [6.5–17.8]*** | 12.6 [7.2–16.9]‡‡‡ | − 6.0 [− 19.8 to 1.6] |
22:0 Cer | 269 [212–370] | 292 [206–416] | 296 [212–440] | − 1.3 [− 11.0 to 9.8] |
23:0 Cer | 221 [174–977] | 651 [384–859]* | 578 [404–895] | − 2.5 [− 13.2 to 12.9] |
24:0 Cer | 1145 [804–3052] | 1793 [1155–2480] | 1512 [1178–2259] | − 9.8 [− 19.5 to 7.2] |
24:1 Cer | 104 [79–569] | 398 [294–578]** | 355 [249–525]##‡ | − 16.2 [− 20.0 to − 5.7] |
25:0 Cer | 106 [89–132] | 74 [53–95]**** | 72 [48–99]‡‡‡‡ | 3.5 [− 12.7 to 18.3] |
26:0 Cer | 32.6 [19.3–56.9] | 25.4 [18.1–32.6]**** | 21.5 [17.1–30.6]‡‡ | − 7.1 [− 18.5 to 4.4] |
26:1 Cer | 12.9 [10.2–19.3] | 16.3 [11.4–21.5] | 14.4 [10.2–18.4]# | − 11.8 [− 17.0 to 3.3] |