Table 2 Echocardiography data of all the groups

Epicardial adipose tissue thickness (mm)

5.1 (IQR, 4.3–6.8)

7.9 (IQR, 7.4–8.3)*

8.8 (IQR, 8.6–8.9)*^{, †}

Interventricular septal thickness at end diastole (mm)

7.5 (IQR, 6.6–8.2)

10.2 (IQR, 9.3–10.6)*

9.8 (IQR, 9.3–10.8)*

Posterior wall thickness at end diastole (mm)

7.6 (IQR, 6.6–8.3)

10.2 (IQR, 9.4–10.6)*

9.9 (IQR, 9.3–10.7)*

Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)

46.5 ± 1.8

45.8 ± 2.5

46.1 ± 2.6

Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)

27.0 (IQR, 26.1–28.3)

29.5 (IQR, 28.0–31.4)*

28.5 (IQR, 26.9–30.6)*

Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m²)

57.4 ± 5.9

55.5 ± 7.5

57.4 ± 8.4

Left ventricular end-systolic volume index (mL/m²)

15.4 (IQR, 13.7–17.9)

19.6 (IQR, 16.6–22.5)*

18.5 (IQR, 16.2–22.2)*

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

74 (IQR, 67–77)

64 (IQR, 59–69)*

66 (IQR, 62–72)*

Left atrial ejection fraction (%)

58 (IQR, 57–61)

48 (IQR, 45–52)*

44 (IQR, 42–48)*^{, †}

SI (mL/m²)

41.3 ± 6.3

35.7 ± 6.6*

38.4 ± 7.8

CI (L/min/m²)

2.9 ± 0.5

2.5 ± 0.5*

2.6 ± 0.6*

Left ventricular mass index (g/m²)

79 (IQR, 70–90)

116 (IQR, 104–125)*

119 (IQR, 102–130)*

Left atrial volume index (mL/m²)

29 (IQR, 28–30)

36 (IQR, 35–40)*

35 (IQR, 33–38)*

Relative wall thickness

0.32 (IQR, 0.29–0.36)

0.44 (IQR, 0.42–0.47)*

0.43 (IQR, 0.41–0.47)*

E (cm/s)

89.4 (IQR, 80.1–91.4)

57.6 (IQR, 51.9–62.8)*

59.8 (IQR, 53.1–66.4)*

A (cm/sec)

83.9 (IQR, 80.0–89.2)

77.9 (IQR, 70.0–82.0)*

79.2 (IQR, 69.6–88.2)*

E/A

1.02 (IQR, 1.00–1.06)

0.79 (IQR, 0.71–0.86)*

0.81 (IQR, 0.70–0.93)*

DcT (cm/s)

195 (IQR, 186–218)

238 (IQR, 224–268)*

229 (IQR, 218–249)*

Lateral e′ (cm/s)

10.9 (IQR, 10.7–11.2)

5.2 (IQR, 3.9–6.2)*

5.4 (IQR, 4.3–6.1)*

Medial e′ (cm/s)

8.7 (IQR, 6.7–10.0)

2.8 (IQR, 2.4–3.6)*

2.8 (IQR, 2.5–3.7)*

Mean e′ (cm/s)

9.7 (IQR, 8.7–10.4)

3.9 (IQR, 3.2–4.9)*

4.1 (IQR, 3.4–5.0)*

E/e′ (cm/s)

9.0 (IQR, 8.3–9.6)

14.6 (IQR, 13.2–16.6)*

14.7 (IQR, 13.7–16.0)*

Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (m/s)

2.2 (IQR, 2.1–2.3)

2.9 (IQR, 2.6–3.1)*

2.9 (IQR, 2.8–3.0)*

Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (%)

−22.0 (IQR, −18.9– −23.2)

−15.0 (IQR, −16.4– −14.3)*

−14.9 (IQR, −16.1– −13.9)*

Left atrial global longitudinal strain (%)

35.0 (IQR, 32.8–38.8)

31.9 (IQR, 30.5–33.8)*

27.6 (IQR, 25.5–30.5)*^{, †}

Mitral regurgitation

 Mitral regurgitation volume (mL)

–

30.6 (IQR, 12.3–31.4)

30.5 (IQR, 16.4–31.3)

 Effective regurgitant orifice area (cm²)

–

0.23 (IQR, 0.10–0.24)

0.22 (IQR, 0.14–0.27)

 Mild (%)

–

21

25

 Moderate (%)

–

25

29

 Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg)

29.3 (IQR, 27.4–32.6)

43.1 (IQR, 40.4–48.4)*

42.0 (IQR, 37.5–48.2)*

 Presence of concentric remodeling (%)

0

77*

75*

 Presence of eccentric hypertrophy (%)

0

73*

82*

 Presence of concentric hypertrophy (%)

0

50*

57*