Fig. 1

The association between initiation of GLP-1 RAs versus basal insulin and the risk of the composite kidney outcome. The risk of the composite kidney outcome (confirmed ≥ 40% eGFR decline or new end-stage kidney disease) was compared between initiators of GLP-1 RAs versus basal insulin. Presented are cumulating incidence functions. In an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, patients were followed until October 2021, the end of data availability, or death (A). In an as-treated (AT) analysis, follow-up was also censored at study drug discontinuation or comparator-initiation (B). In an ITT-48 months (ITT-48mo) analysis, to emulate the LEADER study, the ITT follow-up was also censored at four years when a large proportion of the participants were still on the study drugs (C). Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to compare between treatment arms. GLP-1 RA Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate