Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Participants Across Metabolic Phenotypes Classified by the New Definition

Number with characteristic (%)

Female

299 (48.5) †

202 (52.6)

71 (60.7)

184 (53.2)

269 (48.2)

136 (42.9) *

Current Smoking

182 (29.5)

105 (27.3)

25 (21.4)

63 (18.2)

78 (14.0)

31 (9.8) *

Current alcohol assumption

400 (64.8)

263 (68.5)

66 (56.4)

217 (62.7)

334 (59.9)

177 (55.8)

History of CVD

6 (1.0)

6 (1.6)

2 (1.7)

26 (7.5)

52 (9.3)

20 (6.3)

Diabetes mellitus

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

16 (4.6)

58 (10.4)

42 (13.3) *

Hypertension

5 (0.8)

13 (3.4)

8 (6.8)

237 (68.5)

138 (24.7)

257 (81.1) *

Treatment of hypertension

0 (0.0) †

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

109 (31.5)

217 (38.9)

155 (48.9) *

lipid-lowering drugs

15 (2.4) †

23 (6.0)

9 (7.7)

50 (14.5)

103 (18.5)

52 (16.4) *

Mean or median of characteristic

Age, years

39.0 ± 12.8 †

45.6 ± 13.7

45.7 ± 14.0

57.2 ± 16.5

60.7 ± 14.6

60.6 ± 13.7 *

Body mass index, kg/m²

22.3 ± 1.8 †

27.0 ± 1.4

32.6 ± 2.6

22.9 ± 1.7

27.4 ± 1.4

33.4 ± 3.3 *

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.81 ± 0.07 †

0.88 ± 0.08

0.90 ± 0.08

0.86 ± 0.07

0.91 ± 0.08

0.94 ± 0.09 *

Waist circumference, cm

77.8 ± 8.0 †

91.0 ± 7.6

103.1 ± 9.4

83.6 ± 8.2

94.8 ± 7.6

106.6 ± 9.8 *

Hip circumference, cm

96.3 ± 5.6 †

103.9 ± 4.6

114.4 ± 7.9

97.2 ± 5.1

104.2 ± 6.3

113.5 ± 8.4

Physical activity, kcal/day

1341.2 (800.7–1954.3)

1499.6 (977.1–2085.8)

1566.1 (977.1–2103.9)

1463.3 (1082.9–2007.2)

1498.3 (1036.0–2036.3)

1484.6 (977.1–2152.5)

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

114.4 ± 8.9 †

117.8 ± 8.4

119.9 ± 7.1

142.0 ± 15.8

142.9 ± 16.5

143.4 ± 16.2 *

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

73.7 ± 7.8 †

76.9 ± 7.6

80.4 ± 6.5

82.7 ± 10.0

84.3 ± 10.2

86.4 ± 9.2 *

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.02 ± 0.90 †

5.41 ± 0.95

5.34 ± 1.04

5.30 ± 0.95

5.45 ± 0.99

5.48 ± 1.07

LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

3.03 ± 0.83 †

3.37 ± 0.86

3.40 ± 0.93

3.24 ± 0.85

3.40 ± 0.89

3.38 ± 0.95

HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.57 ± 0.38 †

1.36 ± 0.36

1.25 ± 0.27

1.54 ± 0.41

1.36 ± 0.34

1.30 ± 0.32

Triglycerides, mmol/L

0.79 (0.56–1.08) †

1.15 (0.80–1.74)

1.31 (0.95–1.84)

0.95 (0.70–1.39)

1.30 (0.93–1.81)

1.50 (1.03–2.19)

Blood glucose, mmol/L

4.66 (4.33–5.00) †

4.77 (4.44–5.05)

4.83 (4.39–5.05)

4.66 (4.33–5.00)

4.94 (4.61–5.28)

5.00 (4.61–5.50) *

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.80 (0.70–0.92)

0.90 (0.76–1.00)

0.85 (0.72–0.96)

0.85 (0.72–1.00)

0.92 (0.80–1.04)

0.90 (0.75–1.02) *

eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²

102.3 ± 20.6

89.7 ± 19.4

92.1 ± 20.4

85.1 ± 19.2

78.9 ± 19.5

81.3 ± 18.8 *