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Table 2 Associations of total alcohol, wine, beer, and spirits consumption with the total MVD composite score in the general population

From: Alcohol consumption and microvascular dysfunction: a J-shaped association: The Maastricht Study

 

Alcohol consumption

 

Model

Continuous

None vs. light

Moderate vs. light

High vs. light

P for trend

  

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

P−value

General population, n = 3120

 Total alcohol consumption

1

2

3A

3B

− 0.02 (− 0.05; 0.00)

− 0.05 (− 0.07; − 0.02)

− 0.05 (− 0.08; − 0.03)

− 0.04 (− 0.07; − 0.02)

0.23 (− 0.12; 0.33)

0.16 (0.06; 0.26)

0.15 (0.05; 0.25)

0.12 (0.02; 0.22)

− 0.15 (− 0.25; − 0.05)

− 0.12 (− 0.22; − 0.03)

− 0.10 (− 0.19; − 0.01)

− 0.10 (− 0.19; − 0.01)

− 0.15 (− 0.24; − 0.06)

− 0.13 (− 0.21; − 0.05)

− 0.14 (− 0.22; − 0.06)

− 0.11 (− 0.19; − 0.03)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 Wine consumption

1

2

3A

3B

− 0.11 (− 0.15; − 0.08)

− 0.10 (− 0.13; − 0.06)

− 0.09 (− 0.12; − 0.06)

− 0.08 (− 0.11; − 0.04)

0.24 (0.15; 0.33)

0.15 (0.07; 0.24)

0.11 (0.03; 0.20)

0.10 (0.02; 0.18)

− 0.20 (− 0.31; − 0.09)

− 0.17 (− 0.27; − 0.06)

− 0.16 (− 0.26; − 0.06)

− 0.15 (− 0.25; − 0.05)

− 0.12 (− 0.23; − 0.01)

− 0.06 (− 0.17; 0.04)

− 0.07 (− 0.17; 0.03)

− 0.05 (− 0.15; 0.05)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 Beer consumption

1

2

3A

3B

0.04 (0.01; 0.08)

− 0.01 (− 0.04; 0.03)

− 0.02 (− 0.05; 0.02)

− 0.01 (− 0.04; 0.03)

− 0.08 (− 0.17; − 0.00)

− 0.01 (− 0.10; 0.07)

− 0.02 (− 0.10; 0.07)

− 0.02 (− 0.10; 0.06)

− 0.14 (− 0.27; − 0.01)

− 0.11 (− 0.23; 0.01)

− 0.14 (− 0.25; − 0.02)

− 0.13 (− 0.25; − 0.02)

0.00 (− 0.15; 0.15)

− 0.05 (− 0.19; 0.08)

− 0.10 (− 0.23; 0.04)

− 0.07 (− 0.20; 0.06)

0.57

0.30

0.09

0.21

 Spirits consumption

1

2

3A

3B

0.17 (0.03; 0.31)

0.05 (− 0.08; 0.17)

− 0.00 (− 0.13; 0.12)

− 0.01 (− 0.13; 0.11)

− 0.05 (− 0.13; 0.04)

0.00 (− 0.09; 0.09)

− 0.01 (− 0.09; 0.08)

− 0.01 (− 0.09; 0.07)

− 0.24 (− 0.39; − 0.10)

− 0.15 (− 0.28; − 0.02)

− 0.17 (− 0.30; − 0.04)

− 0.16 (− 0.29; − 0.04)

− 0.33 (− 0.58; − 0.08)

− 0.18 (− 0.41; 0.05)

− 0.19 (− 0.42; 0.03)

− 0.17 (− 0.40; 0.05)

0.01

0.40

0.83

0.69

  1. Betas and 95% confidence intervals indicate the strength of the association between total alcohol, wine, beer, and spirits consumption with the total MVD composite score where a negative beta indicates less MVD. Total alcohol, wine, beer, and spirits consumption were entered in the models as a continuous variable (per unit, i.e. 10 g/day), as dummies (none, moderate or high versus light alcohol consumption) or (for the P-for trend analyses) as a categorical variable (none, light, moderate, and high alcohol consumption)
  2. One SD corresponds with 1.6 ml white matter hyperintensity volume (logarithmic scale), 2.4 cerebral microbleeds (logarithmic scale), 1.6 lacunar infarcts (logarithmic scale; all three combined in the CSVD features composite score); 20.2 MU of CRAE, 31.4 MU of CRVE (combined in the retinal microvascular diameter composite score); 3.6 MU of flicker light-induced increase in retinal arteriolar diameter, 4.1 MU of flicker light-induced increase in retinal venular diameter (combined in the flicker light-induced increase in retinal microvascular diameter composite score); 0.98 mg/24 h of logarithmically transformed UAE; 57.3 PU of heat-induced skin hyperemia; or 99.8 ng/ml sICAM-1, 101.0 ng/ml of sVCAM-1, 65.7 ng/ml of sE-selectin, or 48.4% vWF (combined in the plasma biomarkers of MVD composite score)
  3. The numbers of participants with complete data on CSVD features, retinal microvascular diameters, flicker light-induced increase in retinal microvascular diameters, heat-induced skin hyperemia, UAE, and plasma biomarkers of MVD respectively are n = 2075; n = 2721; n = 2090; n = 1,517; n = 3107; and n = 3078
  4. Model 1: crude; Model 2: age, sex, glucose metabolism status (entered as dummies of type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, or other types of diabetes versus normal glucose metabolism status), education level [low, middle, high]; model 3A: model 2 + waist circumference, smoking status [current, ever, never], diet score; model 3B: model 3A + office systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication [yes/no] total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, lipid-modifying medication, prior cardiovascular disease. Additionally, for associations with heat-induced skin hyperemia baseline skin blood flow was entered in model 1
  5. Bold denotes P-value < 0.05
  6. CI confidence interval, CSVD cerebral small vessel disease, CRAE central retina arteriolar equivalent, CRVE central retinal venular equivalent, SD standard deviation, PU perfusion units, UAE urinary albumin excretion, sICAM-1 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, sVCAM-1 soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, sE-selectin soluble E-selectin, vWF von Willebrand factor, MVD microvascular dysfunction
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840