Higher HbA1c variability is associated with increased arterial stiffness in individuals with type 1 diabetes

Tynjälä, Anniina; Harjutsalo, Valma; Jansson Sigfrids, Fanny; Groop, Per-Henrik; Gordin, Daniel

doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01770-2

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 3 Measures of arterial stiffness regressed on indices of HbA_1c variability in stepwise multivariable linear regression models

From: Higher HbA_1c variability is associated with increased arterial stiffness in individuals with type 1 diabetes

ln(cfPWV) (n = 335)					AIx (n = 653)
Adjustments	B	95% CI	st. β	p value	Adjustments	B	95% CI	st. β	p value
	ln(adj-HbA_1c-SD)					ln(adj-HbA_1c-SD)
+ Age, Sex	0.136	0.083–0.190	0.208	< 0.001	+ Age, Sex	4.256	2.848–5.664	0.186	< 0.001
+ SBP	0.118	0.067–0.170	0.180	< 0.001	+ MAP	3.146	1.849–4.442	0.138	< 0.001
+ Retinopathy	0.089	0.036–0.142	0.136	0.001	+ Height	2.771	1.482–4.059	0.121	< 0.001
+ AHT	0.077	0.024–0.131	0.118	0.005	+ ln(K—eGFR)	2.258	0.951–3.565	0.099	< 0.001
+ HbA_1c-mean	0.064	0.005–0.123	0.097	0.032	+ Smoking	1.995	0.684–3.305	0.087	0.003
R²_adj	0.562				+ AHT	1.796	0.475–3.117	0.079	0.008
					+ HbA_1c-mean	1.607	0.171–3.042	0.070	0.028
					R²_adj	0.551
	ln(HbA_1c-CV)					ln(HbA_1c-CV)
+ Age, Sex	0.121	0.059–0.182	0.162	< 0.001	+ Age, Sex	3.455	1.848–5.061	0.134	< 0.001
+ SBP	0.108	0.049–0.166	0.145	< 0.001	+ MAP	2.703	1.243–4.163	0.105	< 0.001
+ Retinopathy	0.076	0.017–0.135	0.102	0.012	+ Height	2.379	0.937–3.822	0.092	0.001
+ AHT	0.066	0.007–0.125	0.089	0.029	+ ln(K – eGFR)	1.783	0.322–3.243	0.069	0.017
+ Statin therapy	0.060	0.001–0.119	0.081	0.046	+ Smoking	1.582	0.127–3.037	0.061	0.033
+ HbA_1c-mean	0.060	0.001–0.119	0.081	0.046	+ AHT	1.472	0.019–2.925	0.057	0.047
R²_adj	0.564				+ HbA_1c-mean	1.457	0.006–2.908	0.057	0.049
R²_adj	0.564				R²_adj	0.550
	ln(HbA_1c-ARV)					ln(HbA_1c-ARV)
+ Age, Sex	0.109	0.047–0.170	0.145	< 0.001	+ Age, Sex	3.241	1.648–4.834	0.125	< 0.001
+ SBP	0.094	0.036–0.153	0.126	0.002	+ MAP	1.961	0.497–3.425	0.076	0.009
+ Retinopathy	0.076	0.019–0.133	0.102	0.010	+ Height	1.710	0.268–3.153	0.066	0.020
+ AHT	0.066	0.009–0.123	0.088	0.024	+ ln(K – eGFR)	1.361	−0.073–2.794	0.053	0.063
+ HbA_1c-mean	0.047	-0.019–0.112	0.062	0.161	+ Smoking	0.976	−0.468–2.420	0.038	0.185
R²_adj	0.558				+ AHT	0.725	−0.731–2.180	0.028	0.329
R²_adj	0.558				+ HbA_1c-mean	0.194	−1.454–1.842	0.007	0.817
					R²_adj	0.548

Statistically significant p values (<0.05) marked in bold. Retinopathy defined as history of retinal laser treatment
Adj-HbA_1c-SD adjusted standard deviation of HbA_1c, HbA_1c-CV coefficient of variation of HbA_1c, HbA_1c-ARV average real variability of HbA_1c, cfPWV carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, AIx augmentation index, SBP systolic blood pressure, AHT antihypertensive therapy, MAP mean arterial pressure, CI confidence interval for B, st. β standardized beta coefficient, R²_adj adjusted coefficient of determination, K max(eGFR) + 1

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