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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Combination of exercise and GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment reduces severity of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and inflammation: a randomized controlled trial

 

Before low-calorie diet

(n = 215)

After low-calorie diet (at randomization)

(n = 195)

Estimated changes

(n = 195)

Male/Female, n (%)

80/135 (37/63)

71/124 (36/64)

 

Age, years

42 ± 12

43 ± 12

Hypertensiona, n (%)

134 (62)

63 (33)

 

Pre-diabetesb, n (%)

96 (45)

30 (15)

 

Blood pressure medication, n (%)

26 (12)

  

Lipid-lowering medication, n (%)

14 (6)

  

Metabolic syndrome

 Waist circumferencec, cm

110.6 ± 11.3

100.3 ± 10.0

− 10.6 (− 11.4 to − 9.9)

 Systolic blood pressurec, mmHg

132 ± 16

122 ± 13

− 10 (− 12 to − 8)

 Diastolic blood pressurec, mmHg

86 ± 9

79 ± 8

− 7 (− 9 to − 6)

 HDL− cc, mmol/L

1.3 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

− 0.1 (− 0.2 to − 0.1)

 Triglyceridesc, mmol/L

1.5 ± 1.0

1.1 ± 0.4

− 0.4 (− 0.5 to − 0.3)

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

5.6 ± 0.6

5.2 ± 0.5

− 0.5 (− 0.6 to − 0.4)

 HOMA-IRc,d

3.9 ± 2.4

1.7 ± 1.0

0.44 (0.41 to 0.48)

 MetS-Z, score

0.57 ± 0.59

0.06 ± 0.49

− 0.52 (− 0.58 to − 0.45)***

Body composition

 Body weightc, kg

109.7 ± 14.9

96.7 ± 12.5

− 13.1 (− 13.7 to − 12.4)

 BMIc, kg/m2

37.0 ± 2.9

32.6 ± 2.9

− 4.4 (− 4.5 to − 4.2)

 Total fat percentagec, %-points

41.0 ± 6.1

38.6 ± 6.9

− 2.4 (− 2.6 to − 2.1)

 Android fat percentage, %-points

   Female, %-points

   Male, %-points

44.3 ± 4.7

46.0 ± 4.1

41.3 ± 4.2

41.4 ± 6.0

44.0 ± 4.8

36.8 ± 5.1

− 2.9 (− 3.4 to − 2.5)***

− 2.0 (− 2.5 to − 1.4)***

− 4.6 (− 5.2 to − 3.9)***

 Gynoid fat percentage, %-points

   Female, %-points

   Male, %-points

40.7 ± 7.3

45.0 ± 4.3

32.9 ± 4.6

38.9 ± 7.7

43.6 ± 4.6

30.7 ± 4.5

− 1.8 (− 2.1 to − 1.5)

− 1.5 (− 1.8 to − 1.1)

− 2.3 (− 2.8 to − 1.9)

 Android-gynoid ratio

1.11 ± 0.16

1.09 ± 0.15

− 0.03 (− 0.04 to − 0.02)

Inflammation marker

 hsCRPemg/L

3.8 (1.6 to 8.4)

2.4 (1.0 to 5.6)

0.68 (0.59 to 0.78)***

  1. Values are observed mean ± standard deviation. Changes are estimated mean differences (95% confidence intervals). Significance testing was only performed on MetS-Z, android fat percentage, and hsCRP. The results are adjusted for age group (< / ≥ 40 years) and sex
  2. MetS-Z metabolic syndrome severity score, BMI Body Mass Index, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
  3. aHypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure > 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 85 mmHg
  4. bPre-diabetes is defined as fasting glucose > 5.6 mmol/L
  5. cOutcomes previously reported [24]
  6. dHOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, calculated as fasting insulin times fasting glucose levels, divided by 22.5. Change is shown as the geometric mean ratio (95% confidence intervals)
  7. eMedian with interquartile range; change in hsCRP is presented as ratio (95% confidence intervals) via back-transformed log-data
  8. ***p < 0.001
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840