Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to hypertension burden group of 4
Total (n = 514,967) | HTN burden | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 (n = 49,812) | 1’ (n = 260,938) | 2’ (n = 173,256) | 3’ (n = 30,961) | |||
Age, years | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 61.3 ± 9.9 | 59.5 ± 9.3 | 60.7 ± 9.8 | 62.5 ± 9.8 | 62.5 ± 10.2 | < .0001 |
< 65 | 61.1 | 70.0 | 63.7 | 55.9 | 54.2 | |
≥ 65 | 38. 9 | 30.0 | 36.3 | 44.1 | 45.8 | |
Sex (men) | 59.6 | 52.4 | 60.1 | 60.4 | 61.5 | < .0001 |
Comorbidities | ||||||
CKD | 13.2 | 9.7 | 12.2 | 15.1 | 16.7 | < .0001 |
Dyslipidemia | 47.1 | 46.5 | 47.4 | 47.0 | 46.4 | < .0001 |
Heart failure | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 | < .0001 |
Prior MI | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.614 |
Prior stroke | 5.6 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 6.7 | < .0001 |
COPD | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 9.0 | < .0001 |
Social history | ||||||
Smoking | < .0001 | |||||
Non-smoker | 59.1 | 61.1 | 57.7 | 60.2 | 61.2 | |
Ex-smoker | 21.0 | 18.3 | 21.2 | 21.6 | 21.2 | |
Current smoker | 19.9 | 20.6 | 21.2 | 18.2 | 17.6 | |
Alcohol consumption | < .0001 | |||||
Non-drinker | 61.6 | 69.5 | 62.2 | 59.5 | 56.0 | |
Mild to moderate (0–30 g/day) | 30.6 | 26.6 | 30.7 | 31.3 | 32.6 | |
Heavy (≥ 30 g/day) | 7.8 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 9.3 | 11.3 | |
Regular exercise | 25.2 | 26.3 | 25.6 | 24.5 | 24.2 | < .0001 |
Low income | 20.7 | 19.1 | 20.5 | 21.2 | 22.1 | < .0001 |
Medication | ||||||
HTN medication | 56.9 | 27.1 | 49.4 | 72.5 | 81.6 | < .0001 |
ACEi/ARB | 47.0 | 25.6 | 41.8 | 57.9 | 64.3 | < .0001 |
DM duration ≥ 5 years | 60.5 | 65.3 | 61.1 | 59.0 | 55.2 | < .0001 |
Insulin usage | 12.0 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 11.3 | 10.5 | < .0001 |
Oral anti-DM medication ≥ 3 | 24.8 | 26.4 | 25.6 | 23.7 | 21.0 | < .0001 |
Metformin | 70.6 | 73.1 | 71.8 | 69.2 | 63.5 | < .0001 |
Sulfonylureas | 69.1 | 66.3 | 68.8 | 70.6 | 67.9 | < .0001 |
Meglitinides | 2.7 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.1 | < .0001 |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 19.9 | 20.52 | 20.4 | 19.5 | 17.3 | < .0001 |
Thiazolidinediones | 10.8 | 12.4 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 8.5 | < .0001 |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 12.6 | 15.9 | 13.6 | 10.8 | 8.8 | < .0001 |
Health examination | ||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 128.6 ± 15.3 | 112.4 ± 9.2 | 123.9 ± 11.2 | 136.4 ± 13.3 | 151.6 ± 15.4 | < .0001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.0 ± 9.8 | 67.8 ± 6.1 | 75.6 ± 7.8 | 82.3 ± 9.0 | 90.1 ± 10.7 | < .0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 23.6 ± 2.8 | 24.7 ± 3.0 | 25.3 ± 3.2 | 25.6 ± 3.3 | < .0001 |
WC (cm) | 85.4 ± 8.1 | 81.9 ± 7.8 | 84.9 ± 7.9 | 86.7 ± 8.0 | 87.4 ± 8.3 | < .0001 |
Laboratory results | ||||||
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.3 ± 35.3 | 85.7 ± 34.6 | 83.9 ± 35.5 | 82.1 ± 35.0 | 81.3 ± 35.9 | < .0001 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 143.4 ± 48.1 | 141.6 ± 47.6 | 142.7 ± 47.9 | 143.8 ± 47.9 | 150.0 ± 50.9 | < .0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.4 ± 39.9 | 182.9 ± 38.5 | 186.1 ± 39.5 | 189.4 ± 40.3 | 194.6 ± 41.7 | < .0001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.8 ± 20.4 | 51.1 ± 18.5 | 50.6 ± 19.7 | 50.9 ± 21.3 | 51.5 ± 21.5 | < .0001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 105.6 ± 38.8 | 105.4 ± 37.6 | 105.2 ± 37.9 | 105.8 ± 39.9 | 108.1 ± 41.3 | < .0001 |
*TG (mg/dL) | 137.1 (136.9–137.3) | 116.9 (116.4–117.5) | 134.2 (133.9–134.5) | 145.1 (144.7–145.5) | 154.7 (153.8–155.7) | < .0001 |