In-hospital glycemic variability and all-cause mortality among patients hospitalized for acute heart failure

Table 3 Multivariate Cox regression analysis for the 1-year all-cause mortality

	Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)	P value
Age (per 1 year increase)	1.039 (1.030–1.048)	< 0.001
Male (vs. female)	1.030 (0.854–1.241)	0.738
BMI (per 1 kg/m² increase)	0.941 (0.915–0.967)	< 0.001
SBP (per 1 mmHg increase)	0.993 (0.989–0.997)	0.002
DBP (per 1 mmHg increase)	1.005 (0.998–1.012)	0.190
Hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL increase)	0.928 (0.886–0.971)	0.001
eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73m² increase)	0.996 (0.992–1.000)	0.054
High NP level (yes vs. no)^* (n = 2391)	1.454 (1.065–1.985)	0.018
LVEF (per 1% increase) (n = 2542)	0.993 (0.987–0.999)	0.046
Past medical history
Hypertension (yes vs. no)	1.231 (0.999–1.517)	0.052
Type 2 diabetes (yes vs. no)	1.019 (0.821–1.264)	0.865
CKD (yes vs. no)	1.221 (0.943–1.583)	0.130
Previous HF admission (yes vs. no)	1.107 (0.914–1.341)	0.297
Ischemic heart disease (yes vs. no)	0.926 (0.756–1.133)	0.454
Treatments during index hospitalization
Inotropic use (yes vs. no)	1.045 (0.740–1.476)	0.802
RRT (yes vs. no)	1.662 (1.219–2.266)	0.001
Insulin treatment during hospitalization (yes vs. no)	0.888 (0.710–1.111)	0.299
Duration of hospitalization (per 1 day increase)	1.003 (0.998–1.007)	0.238
Medications at discharge
ACEi/ARBs (yes vs. no)	0.684 (0.566–0.826)	< 0.001
Beta-blockers (yes vs. no)	0.752 (0.625–0.904)	0.002
MRAs (yes vs. no)	1.054 (0.872–1.274)	0.300
Glucose parameters during hospitalization
CoV > 21% (yes vs. no)	1.558 (1.262–1.923)	< 0.001

HRs are expressed as “vs” for dichotomous variables and per unit for continuous variables. Men coded as 1 and women as 0. Yes coded as 1 and no as 0
HR of each variable was analyzed after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, SBP, DBP, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, CKD, previous HF admission history, ischemic heart disease, LVEF on echocardiography, baseline hemoglobin and eGFR level, high natriuretic peptide levels at admission, inotropic use, renal replacement therapy, insulin treatment during hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, and use of ACEi/ARB, beta-blocker, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist at discharge
Abbreviations as in Tables 1 and 2
^*Data analyzed with high natriuretic peptide (BNP ≥ 500 pg/ml or NT-proBNP ≥ 1000 pg/ml) levels at admission, in available subjects (n = 2391)

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