Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the 1-year all-cause mortality
|  | Event (−) (n = 2,034) | Event (+) (n = 583) | Total (n = 2,617) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 71 (59–78) | 76 (70–82) | 72 (61–79) |  < 0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 1097 (54) | 282 (48) | 1379 (53) | 0.02 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23 (21–26) | 22 (20–25) | 23 (21–25) |  < 0.001 |
Past medical history, n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 1161 (57) | 396 (68) | 1557 (60) |  < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 840 (41) | 270 (46) | 1110 (42) | 0.035 |
CKD | 272 (13) | 153 (26) | 425 (16) |  < 0.001 |
Previous HF admission | 633 (31) | 244 (42) | 877 (34) |  < 0.001 |
Ischemic heart disease | 544 (2.7) | 193 (33) | 737 (28) | 0.003 |
Atrial fibrillation | 689 (34) | 217 (37) | 906 (35) | 0.148 |
ICD | 20 (1) | 8 (1) | 28 (1) | 0.564 |
CRT | 14 (1) | 6 (1) | 20 (1) | 0.573 |
Physical examination on admission | ||||
SBP, mmHg | 130 (110–151) | 126 (106–146) | 130 (110–150) | 0.01 |
DBP, mmHg | 77 (66–90) | 76 (61–88) | 77 (65–89) | 0.008 |
Pulse rate, beats/min | 92 (76–110) | 91 (77–110) | 91 (76–110) | 0.88 |
NYHA III/IV, n (%) | 1,760 (87) | 530 (91) | 2,290 (88) | 0.006 |
Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
LVEF, % (n = 2542) | 37 (27–52) | 36 (26–52) | 37 (27–52) | 0.302 |
LVEF < 40%, n (%) | 1,071 (54) | 312 (56) | 1,383 (54) | 0.357 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |  < 0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 65 (43–87) | 48 (29–70) | 61 (39–84) |  < 0.001 |
Serum sodium, mEq/L | 138 (135–141) | 137 (133–140) | 138 (135–141) |  < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.5 ± 2.3 | 11.5 ± 2.1 | 12.2 ± 2.3 |  < 0.001 |
BNP, pg/mL (n = 1224) | 883 (457–1,642) | 1,303 (673–2,667) | 963 (500–1859) |  < 0.001 |
NT-proBNP, pg/mL (n = 1263) | 4827 (2063–10,954) | 9,559 (4,026–25,515) | 5313 (2373–13,200) |  < 0.001 |
Treatments during index hospitalization, n (%) | ||||
Inotropic use | 1820 (90) | 541 (93) | 2361 (90) | 0.022 |
Mechanical ventilation | 451 (22) | 105 (18) | 556 (21) | 0.035 |
RRT | 131 (6) | 78 (13) | 209 (8) |  < 0.001 |
CRRT | 55 (42) | 37 (47) | 92 (44) | 0.533 |
MCSD | 138 (7) | 27 (5) | 165 (6) | 0.074 |
IABP | 94 (5) | 24 (4) | 118 (5) | 0.686 |
ECMO | 70 (3) | 5 (1) | 75 (3) | 0.002 |
Hospital stay, days | 10 (6–18) | 12 (7–22) | 10 (7–19) |  < 0.001 |
Medications at discharge, n (%) | ||||
ACEi/ARBs | 1371 (67) | 325 (56) | 1696 (65) |  < 0.001 |
Loop diuretics | 1418 (70) | 412 (71) | 1830 (70) | 0.695 |
Beta-blockers | 1009 (50) | 223 (38) | 1232 (47) |  < 0.001 |
MRAs | 947 (47) | 243 (42) | 1190 (46) | 0.042 |