Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Age, years

 < 0.001

  ≥ 65

736,231 (29.3%)

385,943 (22.9%)

350,288 (42.3%)

 Mean ± SD

57.17 ± 12.31

55.01 ± 12.22

61.58 ± 11.28

 < 0.001

Sex

 < 0.001

 Male

1,510,711 (60.1%)

1,151,840 (68.4%)

358,871 (43.3%)

 Female

1,001,979 (39.9%)

531,921 (31.6%)

470,058 (56.7%)

BMI (kg/m2)

25.07 ± 3.40

25.12 ± 3.40

24.96 ± 3.41

 < 0.001

Hypertension

1,410,844 (56.2%)

881,787 (52.4%)

529,057 (63.8%)

 < 0.001

Dyslipidemia

1,045,270 (41.6%)

642,901 (38.2%)

402,369 (48.5%)

 < 0.001

CKD

280,310 (11.2%)

153,078 (9.1%)

127,232 (15.4%)

 < 0.001

Heart failure

39,721 (1.6%)

17,176 (1.0%)

22,545 (2.7%)

 < 0.001

OSA

2,826 (0.1%)

1,653 (0.1%)

1,173 (0.1%)

 < 0.001

Thyroid disease

211,866 (8.4%)

66,595 (4.0%)

66,888 (8.1%)

 < 0.001

Diabetes duration

(≥ 5 years)

361,572 (14.4%)

457,384 (27.2%)

312,981 (37.8%)

 < 0.001

Insulin use

133,483 (5.3%)

109,243 (6.5%)

102,623 (12.4%)

 < 0.001

OHA (≥ 3 agents)

770,365 (30.7%)

217,710 (12.9%)

143,862 (17.4%)

 < 0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

145.06 ± 47.09

148.15 ± 47.73

138.78 ± 45.12

 < 0.001

Smoking

 < 0.001

 Non

1,392,615 (55.4%)

829,788 (49.3%)

562,827 (67.9%)

 Ex

461,643 (18.4%)

340,201 (20.2%)

121,442 (14.7%)

 Current

658,432 (26.2%)

513,772 (30.5%)

144,660 (17.5%)

Drinking*

 < 0.001

 Non

1,429,128 (56.9%)

839,737 (49.9%)

589,391 (71.1%)

 Mild

830,840 (33.1%)

643,984 (38.3%)

186,856 (22.5%)

 Heavy

252,722 (10.1%)

200,040 (11.9%)

52,682 (6.4%)

Regular exercise†

517,797 (20.6%)

352,671 (21.0%)

165,126 (19.9%)

 < 0.001

Low income‡

528,625 (21.0%)

346,965 (20.6%)

181,660 (21.9%)

 < 0.001