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Table 2 Incident diagnosis of cardiovascular outcomes

From: Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective UK Biobank study

Outcomes

Number of events

Crude incidence rate

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

per 1,000 person-years (95% CI)

No history of GDM

History of GDM

No history of GDM

History of GDM

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Total cardiovascular outcome

12,984/203,249

110/1276

5.81 (5.71–5.91)

7.80 (6.34–9.26)

1.53 (1.34–1.76)

1.37 (1.19–1.56)

1.37 (1.19–1.56)

1.36 (1.18–1.55)

Coronary artery disease

5,675/213,822

57/1338

2.59 (2.52–2.65)

4.19 (3.10–5.28)

1.67 (1.38–2.01)

1.33 (1.10–1.61)

1.33 (1.10–1.61)

1.31 (1.08–1.59)

Myocardial infarction

2,108/215,909

30/1358

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

2.13 (1.37–2.89)

2.16 (1.66–2.80)

1.67 (1.29–2.18)

1.68 (1.29–2.19)

1.65 (1.27–2.15)

Ischemic stroke

1,268/217,478

17/1387

0.57 (0.54–0.60)

1.21 (0.63–1.78)

2.10 (1.48–2.98)

1.70 (1.19–2.42)

1.69 (1.19–2.41)

1.68 (1.18–2.39)

Peripheral artery disease

867/217,552

13/1385

0.39 (0.36–0.41)

0.92 (0.42–1.43)

2.47 (1.68–3.65)

1.73 (1.16–2.56)

1.73 (1.16–2.56)

1.69 (1.14–2.51)

Heart failure

2,222/217,322

26/1377

1.00 (0.95–1.04)

1.86 (1.14–2.57)

1.86 (1.40–2.45)

1.43 (1.08–1.89)

1.43 (1.08–1.90)

1.41 (1.06–1.87)

Aortic stenosis

641/217,757

3/1390

0.29 (0.26–0.31)

0.21 (0.03–0.45)

1.07 (0.48–2.39)

0.85 (0.38–1.91)

0.85 (0.38–1.90)

0.84 (0.37–1.87)

Mitral regurgitation

861/217,593

13/1,386

0.39 (0.36–0.41)

0.92 (0.42–1.43)

2.48 (1.68–3.65)

2.28 (1.53–3.38)

2.26 (1.52–3.36)

2.25 (1.51–3.34)

Atrial fibrillation/flutter

4,691/215,787

40/1383

2.12 (2.06–2.18)

2.85 (1.97–3.73)

1.62 (1.30–2.02)

1.48 (1.18–1.84)

1.48 (1.18–1.84)

1.47 (1.18–1.84)

Venous thromboembolism

3,217/209,543

20/1342

1.50 (1.44–1.55)

1.47 (0.82–2.11)

1.10 (0.80–1.50)

1.06 (0.78–1.46)

1.06 (0.78–1.46)

1.06 (0.77–1.45)

  1. Data are presented as proportion (%)
  2. CI confidence interval, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus
  3. Model 1, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
  4. Model 2, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking, prevalent diseases (hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia) by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
  5. Model 3, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking, prevalent diseases (hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia), and medication (aspirin, anti-hypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering agent) by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
  6. Model 4, adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, prevalent diseases (hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia), medication (aspirin, Anti-hypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering agent), early menopause, and hysterectomy by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840