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Table 3 Increased risk for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality according to presence of type 2 diabetes or hypoglycemia in heart failure hospitalization

From: Impact of hypoglycemia at the time of hospitalization for heart failure from emergency department on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with and without type 2 diabetes

 

Patients without T2DM

Patients with T2DM without hypoglycemia

Patients with T2DM and hypoglycemia

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

3P-MACE

   

 No. of cases (%)

57 (14.8)

71 (22.3)

31 (39.2)

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

1.39 (0.98–1.97)

2.67 (1.72–4.15)

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

1.64 (1.06–2.55)

3.53 (1.92–6.49)

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

1.42 (0.86–2.33)

2.29 (1.04–5.06)

Cardiovascular mortality

   

 No. of cases (%)

37 (9.6)

37 (11.6)

22 (27.8)

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

1.14 (0.72–1.81)

3.28 (1.93–5.56)

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

1.46 (0.83–2.56)

4.95 (2.35–10.42)

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

1.12 (0.61–2.07)

2.87 (1.17–7.05)

All-cause mortality

   

 No. of cases (%)

55 (14.2)

69 (21.7)

34 (43.0)

 Model 1a

1 [Reference]

1.42 (1.00–2.02)

3.37 (2.15–5.19)

 Model 2b

1 [Reference]

1.74 (1.13–2.69)

4.53 (2.52–8.16)

 Model 3c

1 [Reference]

1.32 (0.81–2.16)

2.58 (1.26–5.31)

  1. HR, hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, T2DM, type 2 diabetes
  2. aModel 1 was adjusted for age and sex
  3. bModel 2 additionally included body mass index, current smoking status, presence of previous coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, etiology of heart failure, duration of diabetes (if subjects had T2DM), systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c ≥ 7%, and presence of chronic kidney disease (eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)
  4. cModel 3 additionally included use of antihypertensive medications, statins, insulin, sulfonylurea, high-sensitivity troponin T, N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein level, and reduced EF (EF ≤ 40%)