Table 1 Descriptions of baseline characteristics for the participants and by their metabolic status

Age, mean (SD), y

56.7 (7.9)

57.9 (7.5)

52.8 (7.8)

< 0.01

Male, n (%)

55,958 (46.9)

45,845 (49.7)

10,113 (37.1)

< 0.01

Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m²

33.9 (3.9)

34.1 (4.0)

33.3 (3.3)

< 0.01

Physical activity, n (%)

No MVPA

18,225 (15.3)

14,362 (15.6)

3,893 (14.3)

< 0.01

Low PA

26,229 (22.0)

19,871 (21.6)

6,358 (23.4)

< 0.01

Medium PA

14,426 (12.1)

10,996 (11.9)

3,430 (12.6)

< 0.01

High PA

32,982 (27.6)

25,226 (27.4)

7,756 (28.5)

< 0.01

Smoking status, n (%)

Current smoker

11,659 (9.8)

8,418 (9.1)

3,241 (11.9)

< 0.01

Previous smoker

46,109 (38.6)

37,097 (40.2)

9,012 (33.1)

< 0.01

Never

60,883 (51.0)

46,067 (50.0)

14,816 (54.4)

< 0.01

Alcohol drinking status, n (%)

Current drinker

106,901 (89.5)

82,320 (89.3)

24,581 (90.3)

< 0.01

Previous drinker

5,461 (4.6)

4,353 (4.7)

1,108 (4.1)

< 0.01

Never

6,689 (5.6)

5,231 (5.7)

1,458 (5.4)

< 0.01

Employment status, n (%)

Unemployment

9,075 (7.6)

7,366 (8.0)

1,709 (6.3)

< 0.01

Retired

39,431 (33.0)

34,485 (37.4)

4,946 (18.2)

< 0.01

Employed in night shift work

3,170 (2.7)

2,220 (2.4)

950 (3.5)

< 0.01

Employed in day shift work

5,063 (4.2)

3,571 (3.9)

1,492 (5.5)

< 0.01

Employed not in shift work

57,398 (48.1)

40,812 (44.3)

16,586 (60.9)

< 0.01

Income, n (%)

< £ 18,000

27,955 (23.4)

23,026 (25.0)

4,929 (18.1)

< 0.01

£ 18,000 - £ 30,999

26,288 (22.0)

20,670 (22.4)

5,618 (20.6)

< 0.01

£ 31,000 - £ 51,999

24,859 (20.8)

18,304 (19.9)

6,555 (24.1)

< 0.01

£ 52,000 - £ 100,000

17,086 (14.3)

11,957 (13.0)

5,129 (18.8)

< 0.01

> £ 100,000

3,610 (3.0)

2,521 (2.7)

1,089 (4.0)

< 0.01

Healthy sleep score, n (%)

0 - 1

7,307 (6.1)

5,869 (6.4)

1,438 (5.3)

< 0.01

2 - 3

61,100 (51.2)

47,683 (51.7)

13,417 (49.3)

< 0.01

4 - 5

51,017 (42.7)

38,643 (41.9)

12,374 (45.4)

< 0.01

TDI, mean (SD)

-0.8 (3.3)

-0.8 (3.3)

-0.8 (3.3)

0.39

Vegetable and fruit intake, mean (SD)

4.6 (3.1)

4.6 (3.0)

4.6 (3.2)

0.8

Sedentary behavior, mean (SD), hour/day

5.6 (2.7)

5.6 (2.7)

5.4 (2.7)

< 0.01

Mental health issue, n (%)

45,200 (37.8)

34,389 (37.3)

10,811 (39.7)

< 0.01

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

12,077 (10.1)

9,909 (10.7)

2,168 (8.0)

< 0.01

Diabetes, n (%)

16,249 (13.6)

16,249 (17.6)

-*

-*

Hypertension, n (%)

87,339 (73.1)

87,339 (94.7)

-*

-*

Hypercholesterolemia, n (%)

33,865 (28.4)

33,865 (36.7)

-*

-*