The bidirectional association of C-peptide with cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults and patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study

Table 2 Multivariate regression models of the relationships between fasting C-peptide and biomarkers in the participants without previous T2DM

	Fasting C-peptide < 1.4 ng/mL, per SD (n = 3891)		Fasting C-peptide ≥ 1.4 ng/mL, per SD (n = 45548)
	βeta (95% CI)	P value	βeta (95% CI)	P value
hs-CRP, per SD
Model 1	− 0.059 (− 0.091, − 0.028)	0.0002	0.064 (0.053, 0.075)	< 0.0001
Model 2	− 0.056 (− 0.088, − 0.025)	0.0005	0.056 (0.044, 0.067)	< 0.0001
Model 3	− 0.056 (− 0.088, − 0.023)	0.0007	0.063 (0.047, 0.079)	< 0.0001
hs-cTnT, per SD
Model 1	− 0.056 (− 0.084, − 0.028)	0.0001	0.073 (0.063, 0.084)	< 0.0001
Model 2	− 0.053 (− 0.082, − 0.025)	0.0002	0.062 (0.051, 0.073)	< 0.0001
Model 3	− 0.053 (− 0.081, − 0.025)	0.0003	0.087 (0.071, 0.102)	< 0.0001

Model 1 was adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, history of hypertension, lipid-lowering medication use, BMI, SBP, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Model 2 was adjusted for covariates in Model 1, FPG, and 2hPG. Model 3 was adjusted for covariates in Model 1, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and the interaction between fasting C-peptide and HOMA-IR. All continuous variables in the models were standardized and those with a skewness distribution were log transformed
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-cTnT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, LDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ND-T2DM newly diagnosed T2DM, NGM normal glucose metabolism, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2hPG 2 h plasma glucose

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