Table 1 The demographic features, treatments, laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with and without DM

n (%)

576 (100.0)

524 (91.0)

52 (9.0)

–

246 (100.0)

175 (71.1)

71 (28.9)

–

–

Gender, n (%)

 Female

288 (50.0)

271 (51.7)

17 (32.7)

0.009

115 (46.8)

86 (49.1)

29 (40.9)

0.237

0.393

 Male

288 (50.0)

253 (48.3)

35 (67.3)

–

131 (53.3)

89 (50.9)

42 (59.2)

–

–

Age (IQR)

60.5 (49.0–69.0)

59.0 (47.3–67.0)

76.5 (68.0–83.0)

 < 0.001

67.0 (57.0–74.0)

64.0 (57.0–71.0)

74.0 (65.0–81.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Time from onset to hospital admission (IRQ), days

10.0 (7.0–14.0)

10.0 (7.0–14.0)

10.0 (6.3–14.0)

0.117

10. (7.0–15.0)

10.0 (7.0–15.0)

10.0 (7.0–15.0)

0.797

0.505

SPO2 (%)

97.0 (93.0–99.0)

97.0 (94.0–99.0)

93.5 (81.8–98.0)

0.008

96.0 (91.0–98.0)

97.0 (93.0–99.0)

93.0 (85.0–97.0)

 < 0.001

0.022

RR (beats per minute)

20.0 (18.0–21.0)

20.0 (18.0–21.0)

20.0 (19.0–24.6)

0.068

20.0 (19.0–23.0)

20.1 (19.0–21.0)

21.0 (18.0–26.0)

0.485

0.027

Pulse rate (beats per minute)

85 (78–97)

85 (78–97)

88 (78–102)

0.875

87 (79–101)

86 (79–100)

89 (78–102.5)

0.054

0.326

SBP (mmHg)

125 (115–136)

125 (115–135)

130.5 (112.5–150)

0.137

130 (118.25–143)

129 (119–141)

129 (116–150)

0.858

0.001

DBP (mmHg)

76 (68–82.5)

76 (68–82)

75 (66–87.8)

0.293

77 (70–84)

77 (70–84)

76 (68–87)

0.839

0.047

Symptoms, n (%)

 Asymptomatic

14 (2.4)

11 (2.0)

3 (5.8)

0.06

10 (4.1)

6 (3.4)

4 (5.6)

0.48

0.202

 Fever

460 (79.9)

425 (81.1)

35 (67.3)

0.018

207 (84.2)

149 (85.1)

58 (81.7)

0.502

0.15

 Dry cough

361 (62.7)

331 (63.2)

30 (57.7)

0.436

139 (56.5)

103 (58.9)

36 (50.7)

0.178

0.097

 Sputum production

137 (23.8)

122 (23.3)

15 (28.9)

0.369

45 (18.3)

29 (16.6)

16 (22.5)

0.273

0.082

 Fatigue

196 (34.4)

179 (34.2)

17 (32.7)

0.832

77 (31.3)

57 (32.6)

20 (28.2)

0.5

0.447

 Myalgia

50 (8.7)

47 (9.0)

3 (5.8)

0.434

16 (6.5)

12 (6.9)

4 (5.6)

1

0.293

 Dyspnoea/pant

212 (36.8)

191 (36.5)

21 (40.4)

0.575

80 (32.5)

60 (34.3)

20 (28.2)

0.353

0.24

 Vomiting/diarrhea/nausea

25 (4.3)

23 (4.4)

2 (3.9)

1

18 (7.3)

16 (9.1)

2 (2.8)

0.084

0.079

 Abdominal pains/diarrhea

80 (13.9)

73 (13.9)

7 (13.5)

0.926

36 (10.4)

29 (16.6)

7 (9.9)

0.177

0.779

 Sore throat/throat discomfort

35 (6.1)

31 (5.9)

4 (7.7)

0.609

5 (2.0)

5 (2.9)

0 (0.0)

0.325

0.014

 Headache/dizziness

33 (5.7)

32 (6.1)

1 (1.9)

0.347

14 (5.7)

11 (6.3)

3 (4.2)

0.763

0.983

 Chest distress

138 (24.0)

131 (25.0)

7 (13.5)

0.063

58 (23.6)

44 (25.1)

14 (19.7)

0.364

0.907

Coexisting comorbidities, n (%)

 Any

226 (39.2)

187 (35.7)

39 (75.0)

 < 0.001

160 (65.0)

109 (62.3)

51 (71.8)

0.155

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

80 (13.9)

61 (11.6)

19 (36.5)

 < 0.001

84 (34.2)

61 (34.9)

23 (32.4)

0.712

 < 0.001

 Coronary heart diseases

43 (7.5)

35 (6.7)

8 (15.4)

0.045

29 (11.8)

17 (9.7)

11 (15.5)

0.196

0.045

 Cancer

17 (3.0)

14 (2.7)

3 (5.8)

0.192

8 (3.3)

6 (3.4)

2 (2.8)

1

0.818

 Pulmonary diseases

31 (5.4)

24 (4.6)

7 (13.5)

0.016

17 (7.0)

8 (4.6)

9 (12.7)

0.048

0.392

 Cerebrovascular diseases

14 (2.4)

8 (1.5)

6 (11.5)

0.001

12 (4.9)

4 (2.3)

8 (11.3)

0.006

0.066

Laboratory findings

 FPG (mmol/l)

5.2 (4.7–6.0)

5.2 (4.7–6.0)

5.4 (4.5–6.4)

0.956

7.5 (5.8–10.1)

7.4 (5.7–10.0)

7.8 (5.8–10.2)

0.748

 < 0.001

 ALT (U/l)

38.0 (21.0–65.0)

38.0 (21.0–66.0)

35.0 (21.0–56.0)

0.378

39.0 (21.8–73.3)

40.0 (22.0–74.0)

38.0 (21.0–73.0)

0.55

0.637

 AST (U/l)

34.0 (24.0–51.0)

34.0 (23.0–49.0)

48.0 (34.0–57.0)

0.172

36.0 (23.0–61.0)

32.0 (22.0–48.0)

52.0 (32.0–79.0)

0.092

0.205

 Albumin (g/l)

34.8 (31.6–37.6)

35.1 (32.3–37.7)

31.0 (27.9–32.7)

 < 0.001

32.1 (28.8–34.9)

33.4 (30.4–35.8)

28.4 (25.0–31.9)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Urea (mmol/l)

5.3 (4.3–6.8)

5.2 (4.2–6.6)

7.6 (6.5–9.7)

0.021

7.0 (5.4–9.2)

6.2 (5.2–7.8)

9.4 (7.6–18.8)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Creatinine (µmol/l)

64.0 (53.0–76.0)

63.0 (53.0–75.0)

73.0 (61.0–99.0)

0.179

67.5 (56.8–85.3)

65.0 (55.0–78.0)

78.0 (65.0–98.0)

0.07

0.002

 Platelet (× 10⁹/l)

214.0 (164.0–272.3)

217.0 (166.0–276.0)

180.5 (145.5–229.8)

0.001

209.0 (150.5–275.5)

220.0 (165.0–289.0)

177.0 (119.0–20.0)

 < 0.001

0.174

 APTT (sec)

25.9 (24.2–28.1)

25.9 (24.2–27.9)

26.8 (24.7–28.1)

0.374

25.7 (24.0–27.4)

25.5 (24.0–27.1)

26.4 (24.1–28.7)

0.466

0.129

 PT (sec)

12.0 (11.5–12.7)

12.0 (11.4–12.7)

12.7 (12.0–14.2)

 < 0.001

12.4 (11.8–13.4)

12.1 (11.6–12.8)

13.4 (12.6–16.4)

0.015

 < 0.001

 TT (sec)

17.1 (16.4–17.8)

17.1 (16.4–17.8)

16.9 (16.0–18.0)

0.92

16.8 (15.9–17.7)

16.9 (16.1–17.7)

16.4 (15.5–17.6)

0.828

0.002

 INR

1.0 (1.0–1.1)

1.0 (1.0–1.1)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

 < 0.001

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

0.019

 < 0.001

 D–dimer (mg/l)

1.1 (0.5–3.4)

1.0 (0.4–2.7)

4.5 (1.5–8.5)

0.026

2.4 (0.9–6.7)

1.4 (0.7–4.2)

8.1 (4.0–9.8)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Fibrinogen (g/l)

4.6 (3.6–5.7)

4.6 (3.5–5.7)

4.6 (3.8–5.6)

0.997

16.8 (15.9–17.7)

5.0 (4.2–6.4)

5.4 (4.0–6.8)

0.987

 < 0.001

 TC (mmol/l)

3.8 (3.3–4.4)

3.8 (3.3–4.4)

3.8 (3.3–4.2)

0.249

3.7 (1.5–4.3)

3.8 (3.2–4.3)

3.6 (3.0–4.0)

0.127

0.189

 Triglyceride (mmol/l)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

1.3 (0.9–1.5)

0.926

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

1.3 (1.1–1.7)

0.992

0.001

 HDL–c (mmol/l)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

0.559

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.334

 < 0.001

 LDL–c (mmol/l)

2.3 (1.9–2.9)

2.4 (1.9–2.9)

2.2 (1.9–2.6)

0.097

2.3 (1.7–2.8)

2.4 (1.8–2.9)

2.1 (1.7–2.6)

0.032

0.18

 cTnI (ng/ml)

0.003 (0.003–0.012)

0.003 (0.003–0.007)

0.104 (0.059–0.297)

 < 0.001

0.011 (0.003–0.057)

0.003 (0.003–0.012)

0.159 (0.070–0.757)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 CK–MB (ng/ml)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

0.8 (0.6–1.3)

2.1 (1.3–3.3)

 < 0.001

1.3 (0.8–2.4)

0.99 (0.73–14.14)

2.96 (1.69–4.26)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Myoglobin (µg/l)

36.9 (25.5–59.9)

35.3 (25.0–54.3)

111.3 (46.4–255.5)

 < 0.001

54.3 (33.8–98.6)

45.0 (30.8–82.6)

89.9 (61.2–165.4)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 BNP (pg/ml)

89.9 (42.4–300.9)

79.5 (38.0–196.1)

626.0 (324.0–1467.0)

 < 0.001

250.0 (79.0–779.0)

131.7 (68.0–452.4)

877.0 (454.0–5528.0)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Findings on chest CT, n/N (%)

 Unilateral

17/467 (3.6)

14/432 (3.2)

3/35 (8.6)

0.111

2/190 (1.1)

1/146 (0.7)

1/44 (2.3)

0.41

0.069

 Bilateral

444/467 (95.1)

412/432 (95.4)

32/35 (91.4)

–

188/190 (99.0)

145/146 (99.3)

43/44 (97.7)

–

–

 Ground–glass opacity

357/467 (76. 5)

333/432 (77.1)

24/35 (68.6)

0.254

128/190 (67.4)

109/146 (74.7)

19/44 (43.2)

 < 0.001

0.016

Treatment, n (%) or n/N (%)

 Antiviral therapy

521 (90. 5)

477 (91.0)

44 (84.6)

0.138

229 (93.1)

164 (93.7)

65 (91.6)

0.582

0.221

 Antibiotic therapy

418 (72.6)

376 (71.8)

42 (80.8)

0.165

203 (82.5)

135 (77.1)

68 (95.8)

 < 0.001

0.002

 Invasive mechanical ventilation

31 (5.4)

24 (4.6)

7 (13.5)

0.016

54 (22.0)

24 (13.7)

30 (42.3)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Glucocorticoid therapy

249 (43.2)

221 (42.2)

28 (53.9)

0.105

145 (58.9)

93 (53.1)

52 (73.2)

0.004

 < 0.001

 Only insulin therapy

–

–

–

–

73/168 (43.5)

39/120 (32.5)

34/48 (70.8)

 < 0.001

–

 Insulin and OAH therapy

–

–

–

–

63/168 (37.5)

51/120 (42.5)

12/48 (25.0)

 < 0.001

–

 Only OAH therapy

–

–

–

–

32/168 (19.1)

30/120 (25.0)

2/48 (14.3)

 < 0.001

–

Coagulopathy, n (%)

21 (3.7)

11 (2.1)

10 (19.2)

 < 0.001

47 (19.1)

22 (12.6)

25 (35.2)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Death. n (%)

36 (6.3)

20 (3.8)

16 (30.8)

 < 0.001

37 (15.0)

6 (3.4)

31 (42.9)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001