Circulating ceramides and sphingomyelins and the risk of incident cardiovascular disease among people with diabetes: the strong heart study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of SHFS and SHS participants

	SHFS (n = 597)		SHS controls (n = 189)		SHS cases (n = 78)
	Mean or %	SD	Mean or %	SD	Mean or %	SD
Age, years	49	14	61	8	62	8
Education, years	12	2	11	3	11	9
Smoking, %
Current	33%		37%		35%
Past	30%		39%		37%
Alcohol consumption, %
Current	46%		31%		22%
Past	41%		47%		55%
Physical activity^a	4299	3260	75	76	77	16
BMI, kg/m²	36	8	31	5	32	17
Waist circumference, cm	115	18	107	11	110	18
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	101	31	123	31	127	19
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	47	14	37	10	36	20
Triglycerides, mg/dL	242	354	190	149	209	21
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	128	18	127	18	136	22
Treated hypertension, %	49%		33%		45%
Duration of diabetes, years	6	8	7	8	11	24
Diabetes medication, %
Insulin	10%		19%		27%
Oral	46%		37%		33%
Both	9%		2%		10%
Neither	35%		43%		29%
Prevalent CKD, %	9%		16%		32%
Treated lipidemia, %	12%		1%		1%

^aPhysical activity was defined as pedometer measured steps per day in SHFS and metabolic equivalent task hours per week in SHS

ISSN: 1475-2840